Specific measures for data-intensive health research without consent: a systematic review of soft law instruments and academic literature. Julie-Anne R Smit et al. Eur J Hum Genet 2023 10

https://phgkb.cdc.gov/PHGKB/phgHome.action?query=Informed%20consent&action=search&Mysubmit=Search From the abstract: " We performed a systematic review of relevant soft law instruments and academic literature to identify what measures are mentioned in those documents. Our analysis resulted in the identification of four overarching themes of suggested measures: organizational measures; technical measures; oversight and review mechanisms; and public engagement and participation. Some of the suggested measures do not substantially contribute to the clarification of the GDPR’s “suitable and specific measures” requirement because they remain vague or broad in nature and encompass all types of data processing. "