MCM Regulatory Science > Organs-On-Chips for Radiation Countermeasures

MCM Regulatory Science > Organs-On-Chips for Radiation Countermeasures

MCM regulatory science news

FDA expands study to analyze differences in sex-specific responses to radiation

Organs-on-chips mimic the structure, function, and interactions between living tissues within human organs – such as the lung or intestine – on chips the size of a thumb drive. Scientists can use these chips for drug research, including supporting development of medical countermeasures (MCMs). Under an FDA contract awarded in 2013 to support development of MCMs to treat acute radiation syndrome (ARS), Harvard University’s Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering demonstrated that its bone marrow chip produces human red and white blood cells for up to one month in culture. The chip also faithfully mimics human bone marrow responses to ionizing radiation as well as effects of known chemotherapies and radiation countermeasure drugs. Because scientific evidence indicates that sex differences may play a major role in how bone marrow responds to radiation, FDA's Office of Women's Health and Medical Countermeasures Initiative (MCMi) have awarded a follow-on study to this project to enable the Wyss team to create male and female human bone marrow chips to analyze differences in sex-specific responses to ionizing radiation and a chemotherapeutic drug. Read more about this project Image: Human Organs-on-Chips connect to each other to replicate human body functions. Image of organ-chip, courtesy Wyss Institute. Related links: A gut reaction...on a chip - First study of radiation exposure in human gut Organ Chip device offers hope for better radioprotective drugs, from Wyss Organs-On-Chips Technology Infographic (PDF, 389 KB) - Information about organs-on-chips research from FDA's Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition  Radiological and Nuclear Emergency Preparedness Information from FDA Organs-On-Chips for Radiation Countermeasures FDA awards contract to Harvard University’s Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering to test candidate radiation medical countermeasures, using novel organs-on-chips technology  Performer: Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering  at Harvard University Principal Investigator: Donald E. Ingber, MD, PhD Initial contract value: $5,625,079 Follow-on study value: $398,000 (Awarded September 27, 2018) Project dates: September 2013 - April 2019 Background The development of medical countermeasures to treat acute radiation syndrome (ARS) is a high-priority for the U.S. government. ARS is an illness affecting a combination of organs that occurs when the body receives a high dose of radiation – over a short period of time – as would be expected to occur after a nuclear or radiological incident.  The development of medical countermeasures to treat ARS presents complex scientific challenges. For example, ARS may involve many organ systems, which makes it difficult to study candidate medical countermeasures that target the radiation effects on one specific organ system in animal models. In addition, certain candidate medical countermeasures cannot be effectively studied in animal models because their activity is specific to humans.  Project Description Harvard University’s Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering is developing organs-on-chips that mimic the structure, function, and interactions between the living tissues within human organs – such as the lung or intestine – on chips the size of a thumb drive. Under the contract, Wyss Institute scientists will develop models of radiation damage in their lung, gut, and bone marrow organs-on-chips and then use these models to test candidate medical countermeasures to treat such damage. This will provide a capability to evaluate candidate medical countermeasures for ARS within the specific context of a target human organ system, which may yield valuable information for facilitating development. Update: Modeling Sex-Specific Responses Wyss’ earlier work under this contract demonstrated that its bone marrow chip produces human red and white blood cells for up to one month in culture, and faithfully mimics human bone marrow responses to ionizing radiation as well as effects of known chemotherapies and radiation countermeasure drugs. Because scientific evidence indicates that sex differences may play a major role in how bone marrow responds to radiation,1, 2 in September 2018, FDA awarded a follow-on study to this project to enable the Wyss team to create male and female human bone marrow chips to analyze differences in sex-specific responses to ionizing radiation and a chemotherapeutic drug. FDA’s Medical Countermeasures Initiative (MCMi), in FDA’s Office of the Chief Scientist and FDA’s Office of Women’s Health (OWH), within the Office of the Commissioner, collaborated to fund this additional research, which will help the scientific community better understand how sex differences impact the body’s response to MCMs for radiological and nuclear preparedness. Project Outcomes This project will: Advance the development of microphysiological systems (organs-on-chips) that recapitulate many of the complicated interactions between cells and tissues that occur in the gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow, and lungs Characterize how these organs-on-chips systems respond to radiation exposure and compare the responses against those known to occur in people and animals exposed to radiation Link together the different organ-on-chips systems (for example, gut chip and bone marrow chip) and expose them to radiation to simulate the interplay between different organ systems exposed to radiation Test candidate radiation medical countermeasures in the individual organs-on-chips and linked organ-on-chips systems Assess differences in sex-specific responses to radiation exposure and chemotherapeutic agents, as well as the effect of MCMs on that response in the bone marrow chip   This project was funded through the MCMi Regulatory Science Extramural Research program. Footnotes 1 Mell, L. K. et al. Association between bone marrow dosimetric parameters and acute hematologic toxicity in anal cancer patients treated with concurrent chemotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 70, 1431-1437, doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.08.074 (2008). 2 Borgmann, K., Dikomey, E., Petersen, C., Feyer, P. & Hoeller, U. Sex-specific aspects of tumor therapy. Radiat Environ Biophys 48, 115-124, doi:10.1007/s00411-009-0216-1 (2009). Publications Huh D et al., Microfabrication of human organs-on-chips. Nature Protocols 8:2135-57, 2013 - full text (open access)  Torisawa YS et al., Bone marrow-on-a-chip replicates hematopoietic niche physiology in vitro. Nature Methods 11:663-9, 2014 - full text (open access)  Bhatia SN and Ingber DE., Microfluidic organs-on-chips. Nature Biotechnology 72, 201432:760-72, 2014 - full text (open acess)  Esch EW, Bahinski A, Huh D, Organs-on-chips at the frontiers of drug discovery. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. doi:10.1038/nrd4539, published online 20 March 2015 - abstract  - full text  Kim HJ, Collins JJ, Ingber DE.  Contributions of microbiome and mechanical deformation to intestinal bacterial overgrowth and inflammation in a human gut-on-a-chip. PNAS. 15 Nov 2015 - abstract  - full text  Kim HJ, Lee J, Choi JH, Bahinski, A, Ingber DE. Co-culture of Living Microbiome with Microengineered Human Intestinal Villi in a Gut-on-a-Chip Microfluidic Device. J. Vis. Exp. 2016 Aug 30 (114) – journal link Torisawa Y, Mammoto T, Jiang E, Jiang A, Mammoto A, Watters AL, Bahinski A and Ingber DE. Modeling Hematopoiesis and Responses to Radiation Countermeasures in a Bone Marrow-on-a-Chip. TISSUE ENGINEERING: Part C. Volume 22, Number 5, 2016 - abstract  full text  Villenave R, Wales SQ, Hamkins-Indik T, Papafragkou E, Weaver JC, Ferrante CT, Bahinski A, Elkins CA, Kulka M, Ingber DE. Human Gut-On-A-Chip Supports Polarized Infection of Coxsackie B1 Virus In Vitro. PLOS ONE. February 1, 2017 - full text (open access) Henry OYF, Villenave R, Cronce MJ, Leineweber WD, Benz MA  and Ingber DE.  Organs-on-chips with integrated electrodes for trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements of human epithelial barrier function. Lab Chip. 2017 Jun 27;17(13):2264-2271 - abstract only  Jalili-Firoozinezhad S, Prantil-Baun R, Jiang A, Potla R, Mammoto T, Weaver JC, Ferrante T, Jung Kim H, Cabral JMS, Levy O, Ingber DE. Modeling radiation injury-induced cell death and countermeasure drug responses in a human Gut-on-a-Chip. Cell Death & Disease. 9.10.1038, published online 14 February 2018 -full text (open access)  Awards Human-organs-on-chips win Design of the Year,  from The Guardian (June 22, 2015) Related Links A gut reaction…on a chip - First study of radiation exposure in human gut Organ Chip device offers hope for better radioprotective drugs (Feb. 2018) ‘Organs-on-Chips’ Technology: FDA Testing Groundbreaking Science  FDA Voice blog, April 11, 2017 Organs-On-Chips Technology Infographic (PDF - 389KB)  Information about organs-on-chips research from FDA's Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition FDA awards contract to develop promising new technology to test radiation countermeasures (Aug. 2013 - ARCHIVED)