martes, 16 de octubre de 2018

Patterns of Screen Time Among Rural Mexican-American Children on the New Mexico-Mexico Border

Patterns of Screen Time Among Rural Mexican-American Children on the New Mexico-Mexico Border

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC twenty four seven. Saving Lives, Protecting People







Patterns of Screen Time Among Rural Mexican-American Children on the New Mexico-Mexico Border

ORIGINAL RESEARCH — Volume 15 — September 13, 2018

Jill A. McDonald, PhD, MS1,2; Christopher Sroka, PhD3; Elizabeth Olivares, MPH2; Merranda Marin, PhD, LP2,4; Maria Gurrola, PhD, MSW2,5; Joseph R. Sharkey, PhD, MPH6 (View author affiliations)

Suggested citation for this article: McDonald JA, Sroka C, Olivares E, Marin M, Gurrola M, Sharkey JR. Patterns of Screen Time Among Rural Mexican-American Children on the New Mexico-Mexico Border. Prev Chronic Dis 2018;15:180070. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd15.180070.
PEER REVIEWED

Abstract

Introduction
The prevalence of obesity is 26% among Hispanic children and teenagers and 47% among Hispanic adults. One contributor to obesity is sedentary behavior, such as using electronic screen devices (ie, screens). Low-income and Hispanic youths spend more time using such devices than other youths.
Methods
We interviewed 202 parents of Mexican-origin children aged 6 to 10 years in 2 rural communities near the US–Mexico border to determine screen use among children. We tested for associations between covariates and heavy screen use (≥4 hours/day) and calculated adjusted odds ratios (AORs) to identify independent, modifiable risk factors for such use.
Results
More than two-thirds (68.3%) of households had an annual income of less than $24,000, 89.1% spoke primarily Spanish, and 92.1% had internet access. The percentage of children with heavy screen use was 14.9% on weekdays and 25.2% on weekends. Smartphones were used by 62.4% of children, desktops or laptops by 60.9%; homework was the most common reason for use of these devices. One in 3 children used them for social media. Increased odds of heavy screen use were associated with having a television on while the child ate (weekday AOR = 3.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08–8.45 and weekend AOR = 2.38; 95% CI, 1.04–5.40) and using electronics to entertain (weekend AOR = 2.94; 95% CI, 1.15–7.51). More than 3 family meals per week (AOR = 0.40; 95% CI, 0.17–0.94 compared with ≤3 meals) and 2 or 3 family activities per week (AOR = 0.33; 95% CI, 0.12–0.87 compared with ≤1 activity) were associated with decreased odds of heavy weekend use.
Conclusion
Even in low-income, Spanish-speaking communities, children have access to electronic devices, social media, and the internet, and a substantial fraction of them are heavy users. Efforts to reduce screen time might focus on understanding and changing the social norms that promote it.
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Introduction

In 2015–2016, Hispanic adults had a higher age-adjusted rate of obesity (47.0%) than non-Hispanic white (37.9%) or non-Hispanic black (46.8%) adults in the United States (1). Moreover, the prevalence of obesity in 2015–2016 among children and teenagers aged 2 to 19 years was 25.8% among Hispanics, 22.0% among non-Hispanic blacks, and 14.2% among non-Hispanic whites (1). The 2015 Youth Risk Behavior Survey showed that 16.2% of Hispanic and 13.3% of non-Hispanic white ninth-graders in New Mexico were obese, while an additional 16.8% of Hispanic and 15.5% of non-Hispanic white ninth-graders were overweight. Obesity rates in both populations are increasing (2).
Behaviors that contribute to obesity among children and teenagers include sedentary behavior and the consumption of excessive calories (3–5). Sedentary behavior is defined as any waking behavior that has a low level of energy expenditure (<1.5 metabolic equivalents) while in a sitting, reclining, or lying posture (6). The component of such behavior that is studied most often is screen time. Screen time is time spent on screen-based behaviors (6), such as watching television, playing video games, and using computers, smartphones, or other electronic devices with screens. Use of devices with screens other than televisions has increased dramatically in the United States in recent years (7).
Perhaps one reason the rate of obesity is higher among Hispanic children and teenagers than among their non-Hispanic counterparts is that the former spend more time using electronic screen devices (8). For example, in the 2015 New Mexico Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 27.3% of Hispanic and 21.7% of non-Hispanic white ninth-graders spent 3 hours or more watching television each weekday (2). And in the 2015 New Mexico Youth Risk and Resilience Survey in the largely Hispanic county of Otero, in the US–Mexico border region, 27.7% of middle-school students (sixth- to eighth-graders) watched 3 hours or more of television, and 28.5% used computers or video games for 3 hours or more on weekdays (9). Consistently, low-income and racial/ethnic minority children and teenagers report more time using electronic devices for recreational purposes than do their non-Hispanic white counterparts (8). Other demographic groups associated with greater screen time include boys, older children, younger mothers, and less-educated parents (7,8,10). Little is known about screen time in Hispanic subpopulations, especially Hispanic children in elementary school. Studying screen time in younger children is important because risk factors for obesity can begin to operate as early as infancy (11).
The Salud Para Usted y Su Familia (Health for You and Your Family) project (12) is studying the determinants of obesity among Mexican American children in rural, low-income border communities in New Mexico. As a first step in designing an intervention to reduce the risk for childhood obesity in these communities, we collected data on the prevalence of risk factors, including screen time. The main objective of this study was to describe the demographic correlates of heavy screen use among Mexican American children in 2 small, rural communities on the New Mexico–Mexico border. A secondary objective was to assess the association of selected modifiable household norms with heavy screen use.
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Methods

From July through December 2016, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of 202 mothers or primary caregivers of Mexican-origin children aged 6 to 10 years (in grades kindergarten through 4) in 2 colonias (rural communities that lack adequate water, sewer, or decent housing) (13). We recruited study participants from the unincorporated community of Chaparral (population, 14,631) in Otero County and Doña Ana County and the village of Columbus (population, 1,244) in Luna County (14). Chaparral and Columbus are 20 and 3 miles from the Mexican border and 84% and 88% Hispanic, respectively (14).
We hired and trained promotores de salud (promoters of health), bilingual indigenous community health workers, as promotor–researchers to recruit participants and collect data for the project (15,16). Promotor–researchers recruited a convenience sample from their communities by approaching potential respondents door-to-door and at schools, school bus stops, shopping centers, and community events. When 2 parents were available, mothers were preferred as participants. Promotor–researchers determined eligibility by administering a 9-item questionnaire. Eligibility criteria included having lived in the community for at least 1 year, being the primary caregiver for a Mexican American child aged 6 to 10 years, and living with a spouse or partner who shared childcare responsibilities. Mexican origin was defined as Mexican nativity in the child or 1 or more of the child’s biological parents or grandparents.
Our goal was a sample size of 200, 100 from each community. Promotor–researchers approached 1,093 individuals, of whom 1,091 (99.8%) completed the questionnaire. Among these, 260 (23.8%) were eligible. The modal reason for ineligibility was not having a child aged 6 to 10 years. Among eligible respondents, 202 (77.7%) signed informed consent agreements, and all those who signed completed interviews.
Promotor–researchers administered the informed consent and the study instruments in English or Spanish, depending on the respondent’s preference. The primary study instrument, an 88-item survey, took 45 minutes and was conducted at the time of recruitment or later at a convenient location. Study participants received a $5.00 gift card.
We asked participants with 2 or more children aged 6 to 10 years to choose 1 child and answer survey questions with that 1 reference child in mind. Interviewers prompted participants to respond about that child with phrases such as, “Going back to the child you were thinking about . . ..”

Variables

The 88 survey questions covered a range of factors associated in the literature with childhood obesity, including demographic variables, diet, and physical activity. It also included factors associated with screen time: 1) internet access; use of smartphones, computers or laptops, and other electronic devices among children, mothers, and fathers; 2) household norms related to screen use (Box); and 3) reasons for use and types of electronic devices used by all children in the household.

Box. Household Norms Related to Screen Use as Defined by the Questions Below.

• Is the TV on when your child eats?
• When eating together as a family, is there anyone who uses electronics (cell phone, games, etc.)?
• During a normal week, how often does your family eat a meal together?
• When your child misbehaves, do you ever take away his/her outdoor play time?
• When your child misbehaves, do you ever take away his/her electronics?
• Does it ever seem the only way to keep your child entertained is to encourage his/her use of TV, tablet, video games, or other electronics?
• How many times a week does your family do active things together?
We defined screen time as the number of hours per day that the child used electronic screen devices at home. Mothers were asked, “How many hours does your child spend at home on a normal day during the week using electronics (TV, videogames, computer games, cell phone)?” and “How many hours does your child spend at home on a normal day on the weekend using electronics (TV, videogames, computer games, cell phone)?” Possible responses were none, 1 or 2 hours, 3 hours, or 4 hours or more. The 2 outcome variables were heavy screen use on weekdays and heavy screen use on weekends. We defined heavy screen use as 4 hours or more per day (17).

Analysis

To assess which variables should be included in a multivariate analysis, we first conducted individual tests of association between the outcome variables and potential risk factors. We used χ2 and Fisher exact tests for unordered categorical variables and Cochran–Armitage tests for trend for ordered variables. Variables were included in the multivariate model if 1) the variable was associated (P < .25) in the weekday or weekend analysis, or 2) the variable was associated with screen time in the literature (ie, child’s age, child’s sex, maternal education, and income/Medicaid status). Internet access met the first criterion, but it was excluded because none of the heavy users lacked internet access. Weekday and weekend use were fit by using separate models.
Analysis was conducted by using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc). The institutional review boards of the institutions with which the authors are affiliated reviewed and approved the study protocol.
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Results

Among the 202 children in the study, 117 (57.9%) were aged 6 to 8 and 85 (42.1%) were aged 9 or 10 (Table 1). Mean age was 8.1 years (standard deviation, 1.4 y). Among the parent respondents, 192 (95.0%) were female, 144 (71.3%) were born in Mexico, 181 (89.6%) had a high school education or less, and 143 (70.8%) had 5 or more members in their household. Among the 202 study households, 99 of 145 (68.3%) had a total monthly income of less than $2,000 (excluding “don’t know” responses); 180 (89.1%) had a member who receives Medicaid, and 180 (89.1%) spoke primarily Spanish. The children used Spanish-language electronic devices exclusively in 46 (22.8%) households; most used English exclusively or English and Spanish. Most (n = 108 [53.5%]) households had cell phone plans, and 92.1% had internet access.
Approximately one-quarter (53 of 202; 26.2%) of children used screens for more than 2 hours per day during the week at home, and 30 (14.9%) were heavy weekday users. On weekends, 84 (41.6%) children used screens for more than 2 hours per day, and 51 (25.2%) were heavy weekend users. Screen time was greater on weekend days (P = .002). Heavy use during weekdays or weekends was not significantly associated with child’s age, child’s sex, or any other demographic characteristic except household size (Table 1). We found a trend toward less screen use on weekends as household size increased. We also found that a greater percentage of children in Columbus (32.0%) than in Chaparral (18.6%) were heavy weekend users.
The unadjusted analysis of 7 household norms (Table 2) found that norms encouraging screen use were common. Six of 7 norms qualified for inclusion in the adjusted analysis, but we included all 7 norms. In the adjusted analysis (Table 3), no demographic variables other than household size were associated with screen time. Larger households were less likely to report heavy weekend screen use. In contrast, 4 of 7 norms were associated with heavy weekday use, heavy weekend use, or both. Most (59.9%) families had the television on while the child ate, a practice associated with heavy screen use both on weekdays (AOR = 3.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08–8.45) and weekends (AOR = 2.38; 95% CI, 1.04–5.40) (Table 3). Three of 4 families ate meals together more than 3 times per week, and heavy weekend screen use among children in these families was less prevalent than in families who ate meals together 3 times or fewer per week (AOR = 0.40; 95% CI, 0.17–0.94). Parents who used television or electronics for entertaining their child reported heavy weekend use more than twice as often (AOR = 2.94; 95% CI, 1.15–7.51) as parents who did not. Finally, families who were physically active together 2 or 3 times per week were associated with less weekend screen time than families active together at most 1 time (0 or 1) per week (AOR = 0.33; 95% CI, 0.12–0.87).
Parents reported multiple reasons why children (as a group) in their households used desktops or laptops and smartphones on weekdays (Figure 1). Two-thirds of all users used these devices for homework. Just more than half of all users used them for games and for internet/YouTube. No single reason for use was significantly associated with heavy weekday or heavy weekend use.
Frequency of reasons for use of smartphones, desktops, or laptops by children on weekday in study households, according to level of use in the reference child, Chaparral and Columbus, New Mexico, 2016. Parents could indicate more than 1 reasons for use; thus, percentages do not sum to 100.

Figure 1.
Frequency of reasons for use of smartphones, desktops, or laptops by children on weekday in study households, according to level of use in the reference child, Chaparral and Columbus, New Mexico, 2016. Parents could indicate more than 1 reasons for use; thus, percentages do not sum to 100. [A tabular version of this figure is also available.]
Among devices used by all children in study households, smartphones (62.4%) and desktop or laptops (60.9%) were dominant (Figure 2). Only 8.9% of children used none of the devices listed. No devices were significantly associated with heavy weekday or weekend screen time.
Frequency of use of types of electronic devices by children in study households, Chaparral and Columbus, New Mexico, 2016.

Figure 2. Frequency of use of types of electronic devices by children in study households, Chaparral and Columbus, New Mexico, 2016. [A tabular version of this figure is also available.]
Among mothers, 89.2% used smartphones, 25.0% used desktops or laptops, and 7.3% used game consoles. Paternal patterns of use were similar. Parental patterns of use were not significant predictors of heavy screen use among children.
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Discussion

This study found that in 2 rural communities in New Mexico near the Mexico border, most families had cell phones and access to the internet in 2016. Among these families, one in 4 had a child aged 6 to 10 years who spent 2 hours or more per weekday using electronic devices at home, and one in 7 had a child who spent 4 hours or more per weekday using electronic devices at home. Most families reported that a television was on while children ate, and someone was using electronic devices during meals in one-quarter of the households. Social norms of television use during meals, not eating as a family frequently, encouraging children to entertain themselves with electronics, and not participating as a family in physical activities appear to be risk factors for heavy screen use in this study population.
In aggregate, the total screen time reported for many of these elementary-school–aged children exceed previous recommendations to limit screen time to 2 hours per day (18). Comparison with other populations of children is difficult because of differences in ages of study populations, outcome measures, and scope. In a population of Latino participants in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) in Oregon, 42% of children aged 2 to 5 years spent 2 hours or more per day on noneducational screen time (19). The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey found that 47% of children aged 2 to 15 years spent more than 2 hours per day viewing television and video and using computers (20). Among Hispanic media users aged 8 to 12 years in 2015, mean daily screen time was 5 hours and 34 minutes nationally (8). The National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) reported weekday screen time for children who were more similar in age to those in our study population. For 2011–2012, NSCH reported that 7.8% of children aged 6 to 11 years old in New Mexico watched television or videos or played video games for 4 hours or more per weekday and that 2.9% spent 4 hours or more using computers, games, and other devices per weekday (17). Even if these percentages are summed (10.7%), the prevalence of heavy weekday screen use reported by NSCH is lower than the 14.9% reported in our study. Finally, comparison with screen time among Mexican children would be of interest, but the most comparable data available for Mexico, for children and teenagers aged 10 to 14 years, show that 27.7% have an average of more than 4 hours per day of screen time (21).
Our study suggests that it is important to measure screen time on both weekdays and weekends among school-aged children and that because weekend use is greater, measuring only weekday use might substantially underestimate total use. This finding is consistent with the findings of a 2006–2007 study of television viewing among mostly Mexican American fourth-graders in low-income schools along the Texas–Mexico border, where median television viewing was greater on weekend days than on weekdays (2.5 hours vs 1.5 hours) (22). Most studies do not distinguish between weekend use and weekday use (23).
Another study conducted in the US–Mexico border region found that parental rules or norms limiting television viewing were associated with less television viewing among children (22). This finding is consistent with our finding that having a television on during meals is associated with heavy screen use on both weekdays and weekends. Our finding on television viewing during meals is also consistent with the findings of other studies showing that children in homes where the television is on all or most of the time are more likely to have more screen time than other children have (19,24). Watching television during meals is associated with poorer diets among children (25). A study in Texas found that three-quarters of urban overweight or obese Mexican American children aged 6 to 8 years had televisions in their bedrooms (26).
For weekend use, several norms in addition to television use during meals were significant in the adjusted analysis. These same associations were suggested in weekday results but lacked significance. In general, it appears that eating meals and engaging in activities as a family limits screen time, while using electronic devices to keep children occupied increases it. Examinations of such family activities in relation to screen time were reported previously (27,28). The American Academy of Pediatrics has recommended positive parenting activities, such as playing together, as one way to decrease screen time (3).
Our study population’s access to computers and internet services can be compared with such access among the Hispanic population nationally. The 2015 American Community Survey established that 68.3% of Hispanic households had desktops or laptops and 70.9% had internet service; in limited–English-speaking populations, such as the one in our study, 53.0% of households had a computer (29). In our study, 108 (53.3%) households had cell phone plans, and 186 (92.1%) had internet access.
The extent to which our study population reflects the Mexican American population living in colonias in New Mexico is not clear. In our study population, 68.3% of households had an annual income of less than $24,000. This percentage is comparable to the 69.1% of households of all races/ethnicities with an annual income of less than $25,000 in 2016 in Columbus, New Mexico, but it is different from the 49.5% of households with an annual income of less than $25,000 in Chaparral (12). Some aspect of how the study sample was collected might have resulted in the recruitment of families whose incomes are lower than the average income of residents in the 2 colonias in our study. The study’s possible inclusion of low-income families who avoid participation in the census because of their undocumented status might account for this bias.
This study has several limitations. First, the study population was a convenience sample, and selection bias might have operated in the recruitment process and/or in the choice of the reference child by the parent when more than one child was eligible. No random sampling of households was considered possible in these communities. Consequently, the reported estimates might differ from those in these communities overall or in other New Mexico colonias. Second, parental awareness of the more socially desirable responses to questions about use of electronic devices by children might have introduced a reporting bias toward underreporting screen time or household norms that encouraged it, such as choosing the child with less screen time as the reference child. Third, the sample size was small and may have been underpowered to detect associations between household norms and children’s screen time. The study’s strengths were the collection of data by trained, bilingual, local promotor–researchers and the 78% participation rate. To our knowledge, ours is the first assessment of total screen time, as opposed to television viewing (23), in coloniasalong the US–Mexico border.
Although some Hispanic children of Mexican heritage live in poor, remote communities in the Southwest and their families might have limited skills in English, the assumption that their access to the internet or electronic devices is limited would be incorrect. Along with adopting an American diet and its attendant risk of obesity (30), Mexican American children whom we studied in these New Mexican communities have adopted the same levels of computer use and other electronic screen use as have non-Hispanic white children elsewhere in the United States.
Checking the epidemic of obesity among the Hispanic population in the United States in such communities will depend on making behavioral changes early in life and addressing the twin issues of diet and physical inactivity, including reducing screen time without cutting off access to screen time that might be beneficial (3). Strategies found to be effective in nonminority populations in reaching such goals need to be tested in Hispanic and other racial/ethnic minority populations.
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Acknowledgments

This study was funded, in part, by the US Department of Agriculture–National Institute of Food and Agriculture’s Agriculture and Food Research Initiative, grant no. 2015-68001-23234. The authors thank the Salud Para Usted y Su Familia study participants in Chaparral and Columbus, New Mexico; other members of the research team, including students and study promotores who participated in study design and data collection activities; and Mrs Laura Silva for her assistance with the literature review for this manuscript. No copyrighted surveys, instruments, tools, or other copyrighted materials were used in this research.
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Author Information

Corresponding Author: Jill A. McDonald, PhD, MS, Department of Public Health Sciences and Southwest Institute for Health Disparities Research, College of Health and Social Services, New Mexico State University, PO Box 30001, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8001. Telephone: 575-646-8503. Email: jillmcd@nmsu.edu.
Author Affiliations: 1Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Health and Social Services, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico. 2Southwest Institute for Health Disparities Research, College of Health and Social Services, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico. 3Economics, Applied Statistics and International Business Department, College of Business, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico. 4Department of Family and Child Science, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico. 5School of Social Work, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico. 6Department of Health Promotion and Community Health Sciences, Texas A&M School of Public Health, College Station, Texas.
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