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Published Date: 2018-11-13 04:29:22
Subject: PRO/PL> Scab disease, apple - Iraq: (DA)
Archive Number: 20181113.6141388
SCAB DISEASE, APPLE - IRAQ: (DAHUK)
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International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org

Date: Sat 10 Nov 2018
Source: Rudaw, Associated Press report [edited]
http://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/101120182


Dahuk [province], famous for its high quality apples, has been ravaged by disease and shelling. These trees normally produce tonnes of apples every year. Many farmers' harvests have been completely destroyed by apple scab disease [which] has been spread all around the area.

[Due to] airstrikes, many farmers have been forced to abandon their farms, which in turn has led to the spread of apple scab, since the farmers have not been able to treat their trees with preventative products.

As well as being hit by disease, unusual weather has caused problems. [A farmer said], "The summer was very hot, and there was less water. Also, in spring when the apples were about to become ripe, [the area] was hit by hailstones which resulted in apple scab, and this year's [2018] harvest is gone."

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ProMED-mail
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[Scab disease (also called black spot) caused by the fungus _Venturia inaequalis_ affects apple, crab apple, loquat and a few other related tree species. It is considered the most economically important disease of apples worldwide. Infected fruit is often unmarketable and losses can be more than 70 per cent. Symptoms may include dark leaf spots, premature leaf fall and fruit lesions. Early infections often result in severely cracked and malformed fruit and are most damaging since fruit becomes more resistant as it matures. Cracks in fruits may serve as entry points for other pathogens to cause rotting pre- or post-harvest.

The fungus overwinters in infected leaves on the ground. Spores are spread with infected plant material, by mechanical means, splashing rain, and they are carried long distances in air currents. Disease management is expensive requiring up to 12 fungicide sprays per year in areas where scab has become established. Apple cultivars vary in their susceptibility to scab. Resistant varieties are available, but few of them are currently suitable for commercial production.

The related species _V. pirina_ causes scab on pear with similar symptoms. The pathogens are specific to pear and apple, respectively, and cannot cross-infect the other's hosts. Other fungi in the same genus are known to cause scab diseases on different fruit crops.

Maps
Iraq (with provinces):
https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/iraq_pol-2009.jpg

Pictures
Scab disease on apple trees:
https://www.wur.nl/upload_mm/f/4/1/02dde4d0-e3fd-49cc-ab78-1c534e3e881f_schurft5_4d1846cd_490x330.jpg and
https://www.nature.com/polopoly_fs/7.11953.1377009629!/image/1.13580-apple-scab-ALAMY-BW4PYG.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_630/1.13580-apple-scab-ALAMY-BW4PYG.jpg
Apple scab, leaf symptoms:
http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/lessons/fungi/ascomycetes/Article%20Images/AppleScab03.jpg,
https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and-industry/agriculture-and-seafood/animal-and-crops/plant-health-images/applescab-leaf.jpg,
https://www.canr.msu.edu/ipm/uploads/images/AppleScab4.jpg and
http://www.arborbound.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/MG_3255-300x200.jpg
Apple scab, fruit symptoms:
http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/images/scab.jpg,
https://usercontent1.hubstatic.com/8399920.jpg and
http://www.intermountainfruit.org/images/ch04-diseases/apple-scab.jpg (close-up of lesions)
Scab on crab apple:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Apple_scab.jpg/220px-Apple_scab.jpg
Photo gallery of apple diseases, including scab:
http://www.ipmimages.org/browse/AreaSubs.cfm?area=74

Links
Apple scab information:
http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/lessons/fungi/ascomycetes/pages/applescab.aspx,
http://agriculture.vic.gov.au/agriculture/pests-diseases-and-weeds/plant-diseases/fruit-and-nuts/pome-fruit-diseases/apple-scab#,
http://www.agr.gc.ca/resources/prod/doc/sci/pub/pdf/carisse_scab_e.pdf and
https://extension.psu.edu/apple-disease-apple-scab
Apple and pear scab:
https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/horticulture/pomes/pests-etc/apple-and-pear-scab
_V. inaequalis_ life cycle and host resistance:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2817808/
Apple scab disease management:
http://orgprints.org/7781/01/applescab-BHeijne.pdf
_V. inaequalis_ taxonomy and synonyms:
http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=164141 and
http://www.speciesfungorum.org/GSD/GSDspecies.asp?RecordID=164141
- Mod.DHA

HealthMap/ProMED map available at:
Iraq: http://healthmap.org/promed/p/89]

See Also

Fungal diseases, apple - India: (JK) 20180712.5901353
2014
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Scab disease, apple - India: (JK) 20140515.2473660
2011
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Fungal diseases, apple - Germany, India, USA 20110718.2172
2010
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Undiagnosed mould & scab, apple - Mexico (QE) 20100822.2939
Scab disease, apple - India: (JK) alert 20100430.1397
2009
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Scab disease, apple - Australia: (WA) 20090519.1880
2008
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Scab disease, apple - India: (HP) 20080829.2706
Scab disease, apple - Australia: (WA), eradication 20080514.1621
2005
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Apple scab, races - Spain 20050819.2433
Apple scab - India (Himachal Pradesh): 1st report 20050612.1645
.................................................sb/dha/msp/sh

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