viernes, 14 de septiembre de 2018

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Published Date: 2018-09-14 08:41:34
Subject: PRO/PL> Black pod, cocoa - Nigeria, Cote d'Ivoire
Archive Number: 20180914.6028738
BLACK POD, COCOA - NIGERIA, COTE D'IVOIRE
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http://www.isid.org

In this posting:
[1] Nigeria
[2] Ivory Coast

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[1] Nigeria
Date: Wed 12 Sep 2018
Source: Naija247News [edited]
https://naija247news.com/2018/09/12/nigeria-may-lose-40-of-cocoa-harvest-as-blackpod-disease-reigns-in-southeastern-crop-region/


Nigeria's cocoa harvest is threatened by floods and an outbreak of fungal disease as heavy rains fall in the West African country's main growing regions, the Cocoa Association said. "Just as flooding is threatening the survival of the cocoa trees, excessive rain is boosting the spread of black pod disease." The worst-affected southeastern cocoa belt could lose as much as 40 per cent of its estimated output of 72 000 metric tons of cocoa beans.

[Byline: Tolani Awere]

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[2] Ivory Coast
Date: Tue 11 Sep 2018 15:10 SAST
Source: Times Live South Africa, Reuters report [edited]
https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/africa/2018-09-11-ivorian-cocoa-farmers-fear-black-pod-disease-amid-heavy-rain/


Above-average rainfall across Ivory Coast's cocoa growing regions could impact the health of the October-to-March main crop just days before harvests are expected to begin. Farmers said they were satisfied with the number of pods on trees, but worried too much rain would trigger black pod disease by preventing the first cocoa beans from fully drying.

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[Black pod (also called _Phytophthora_ pod rot) is the primary fungal disease affecting cocoa worldwide. In Africa, the fungus-like pathogens _Phytophthora palmivora_ and _P. megakarya_ are associated with it, but 2 additional species are found in the Americas. _P. palmivora_ is the most common pathogen and can cause yield losses as high as 95 per cent in very humid climates, with every pod affected. Pods progressively turn dark brown. Losses are most severe when pods are infected during the 2 months prior to ripening. The disease also causes stem cankers which are estimated to kill up to 10 per cent of trees annually.

Black pod is spread by insect activity, mechanical means, plant debris, water and wind. Multiple infections from several sources may occur in plantations, with epiphytotics developing from a series of foci simultaneously. Genetic resistance is generally low in commercial cocoa cultivars. Disease management is difficult and needs an integrated approach including cultural techniques, phytosanitary measures and targeted fungicide use.

To prevent problems with rain wash-off of foliar fungicides, trunk injections with phosphorous compounds have been shown to be an effective alternative. However, like chemical sprays, they need to be repeated whenever protection is required. Similar methods are being used in the control of _P. cinnamomi_ diseases in some tree species, for example jarrah dieback and avocado root rot in Australia. The mode of the protective action of these compounds against _Phytophthora_ species is still being investigated.

Maps
Nigeria:
https://i.infopls.com/images/mnigeria.gif and
http://healthmap.org/promed/p/62
Ivory Coast:
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/ivory_coast_pol88.jpg and
http://healthmap.org/promed/p/52
Africa (overview):
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/africa_pol97.jpg

Pictures
Black pod symptoms:
http://www.tava.com.au/res/processing_20black_pod.jpg and
http://www.dropdata.org/cocoa/cocoa_pics/Ph_meg_section.jpg

Links
Information on cocoa black pod via:
http://www.tava.com.au/article_processing.html,
http://www.dropdata.org/cocoa/cocoa_prob.htm, and
http://www.dropdata.org/cocoa/icm_bkp.htm
Economic impact of black pod and other cocoa diseases:
http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/php/review/cacao/
_P. palmivora_ taxonomy:
http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=194605
_P. megakarya_ taxonomy:
http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=320483
- Mod.DHA]

See Also

Undiagnosed dieback, cocoa - Nigeria: southwest 20180208.5616228
2016
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Black pod, cocoa - Cote d'Ivoire: (W,SW) 20161018.4566714
2015
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Black pod, cocoa - Nigeria 20150102.3066926
2011
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Black pod, cocoa - Cameroon: (CE) 20111102.3254
Black pod, cocoa - Cameroon: (SW) spread 20100825.3001
Black pod & swollen shoot, cocoa - Cote d'Ivoire: (BS) 20100709.2296
Black pod, cocoa - Nigeria: (CR) 20100607.1901
2009
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Black pod, cocoa - Ghana: (AH) 20090618.2244
Black pod, cocoa - Cote d'Ivoire: alert 20090521.1896
2008
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Black pod, cocoa - Cote d'Ivoire: spread 20080828.2699
Black pod, cocoa - Nigeria 20080729.2311
2007
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Black pod, cocoa - Ivory Coast, Ghana 20070914.3043
Black pod, cocoa - Puerto Rico: 1st report 20070831.2865
Black pod disease, cocoa - Nigeria 20070713.2243
and older items in the archives
.................................................sb/dha/mj/jh

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