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Published Date: 2019-01-17 21:25:27
Subject: PRO/PL> Tomato brown rugose fruit virus - Germany: (NW) 1st report
Archive Number: 20190117.6264517
TOMATO BROWN RUGOSE FRUIT VIRUS - GERMANY: (NORTH RHINE-WESTPHALIA) FIRST REPORT
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Date: Fri 11 Jan 2019
Source: HortiDaily [edited]
https://www.hortidaily.com/article/9060726/first-report-of-tomato-brown-rugose-fruit-virus-infecting-tomato-in-germany/


Unusual fruit and leaf symptoms were observed in tomatoes in North Rhine-Westphalia. In total, more than 25 ha of greenhouse tomatoes were affected. Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) has been confirmed in 7 greenhouses; one further greenhouse is suspected to be infested. It's the 1st report of ToBRFV in Germany. The infested tomato plants were used for tomato fruit production. Eradication measures are in progress.

ToBRFV infects tomato plants and leads to foliar symptoms, including chlorosis mosaic with dark green bulges and narrowing. Fruit symptoms consisted of yellow spots, often concentrated around the calyx with occasional rugose symptoms rendering the fruits non-marketable. The virus can affect up to 100% of a crop.

The available resistance genes in conventional tomato varieties against other tobamoviruses are ineffective against ToBRFV. So far, too little is known about the virus to exclude possible damage on other host plants. The virus can establish in greenhouses [and] outdoors; potential host plants can serve as reservoir for new infections. Because of its high damaging potential for tomato production, ToBRFV poses a significant phytosanitary risk for Germany and other EU member states.

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[Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) was identified as a new member of genus _Tobamovirus_ (type species Tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) in Jordan after a new disease of glasshouse tomatoes occurred there in 2015. Since then, it has been identified in Israel and Mexico (see links below) and has also been reported by national authorities from Italy (Sicily).

Tobamoviruses may be seed transmitted and can also be spread by mechanical means (human and insect activities), as well as with contaminated equipment, or plant or other materials. Volunteer crop plants and solanaceous weed species can serve as pathogen reservoirs. Disease management relies mainly on exclusion but may include phytosanitation (disinfecting tools, removing crop debris) and control of weed reservoirs. Several tobamoviruses are known to affect tomato, including Tomato mosaic virus and TMV. Use of certified clean seeds or tomato transplants is crucial.

Among the seed-borne viruses, tobamoviruses are currently considered a risk for crop production worldwide due to increasing global seed trade. For some species, seed coat surface sterilisation is effective in preventing transmission to new seedlings, suggesting that these viruses are carried on the outside of seeds. However, for some species such as Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, surface sterilisation of seeds does not seem to prevent transmission, suggesting these viruses may be carried within the endosperm since seed-transmitted tobamoviruses are thought to be absent from embryos. Tomato seeds are traded widely and are known to pose a risk for spreading viruses and other pathogens internationally (e.g., ProMED-mail post20140122.2222560), thus work to assess a potential quarantine risk posed by the new ToBRFV is needed.

Maps
Germany:
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/europe/germany.jpg (with states)

Pictures
ToBRFV symptoms:
https://gd.eppo.int/media/data/taxon/T/TOBRFV/pics/1024x0/4137.jpg,
https://gd.eppo.int/media/data/taxon/T/TOBRFV/pics/1024x0/4138.jpg,
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=inline&id=10.1371/journal.pone.0170429.g001, and
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321639141/figure/fig2/AS:569722670247937@1512843877331/Tomato-brown-rugose-fruit-virus-ToBRFV-infected-tomato-Solanum-lycopersicum-plants.png

Links
Additional news stories (in German):
https://www.freshplaza.de/article/9060632/forscher-warnen-vor-tomatenvirus-in-deutschland/ and
https://www.freshplaza.de/article/9061348/erste-meldung-von-infektion-deutscher-tomaten-mit-dem-tomato-brown-rugose-fruit-virus/
Information and characterisation of ToBRFV:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00705-015-2677-7 (Jordan),
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0170429 (Israel),
https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/TOBRFV (with current distribution map), and via
https://www.semanticscholar.org/topic/Tomato-brown-rugose-fruit-virus/3579397
1st report of tomato brown rugose fruit virus infecting tomato in Germany
https://www.ndrs.org.uk/article.php?id=039001,
https://pflanzengesundheit.julius-kuehn.de/index.php?menuid=60&downloadid=2438&reporeid=418, and
https://pflanzengesundheit.julius-kuehn.de/index.php?menuid=60&downloadid=2436&reporeid=418
1st report of ToBRFV in Mexico:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329563542_Primer_reporte_de_Tomato_brown_rugose_fruit_virus_ToBRFV_en_Michoacan_Mexico,
http://www.rmf.smf.org.mx/ojs/index.php/RMF/article/download/134/pdf, and
https://www.pestalerts.org/oprDetail.cfm?oprID=765
Information on genus _Tobamovirus_:
https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv-reports/ictv_online_report/positive-sense-rna-viruses/w/virgaviridae/672/genus-tobamovirus and
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4684-7026-0_8
Global risk by seed transmitted tobamoviruses (review):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321639141_Seed_Transmission_of_Tobamoviruses_Aspects_of_Global_Disease_Distribution
Virus taxonomy via:
https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/
- Mod.DHA
HealthMap/ProMED-mail map:
Germany: http://healthmap.org/promed/p/101]

See Also

2018
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Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, melon - New Zealand ex Australia: intercept 20180903.6005465
2017
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Crop diseases - Philippines: (Cordilleras region) survey 20170718.5185031
2016
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Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus - Australia: (WA) 20160728.4375420
2015
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Tomato mosaic virus - Israel: (Negev) 20151015.3717154
2014
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Potato spindle tuber viroid, tomato seed: international spread 20140122.2222560
and additional items on tobamoviruses in the archives
.................................................sb/dha/tw/lm

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