| MercatorNet | July 28, 2017 | MercatorNet |
British report which launched gay rights was not in favour of homosexuality
The 1957 Wolfenden report changed the UK for ever.
This article was originally published on January 31 in MercatorNet. We are re-running it today, the 50th anniversary of the passage of the UK's Sexual Offences Act 1967
This year marks a milestone on the path which eventually led to same-sex marriage – the publication of the Wolfenden Report in the United Kingdom in 1957. The report dealt with the possible decriminalisation of prostitution and male homosexuality.
Its conclusion on the latter was that “homosexual behaviour between consenting adults in private should no longer be a criminal offence”. At the time this was such a hot political potato that it took another ten years to pass the Sexual Offences Act in 1967. But pass it did, and we live in a world which the Wolfenden Report helped to shape.
All that took place six decades ago; society has changed; the law has changed; medicine has changed; psychiatry has changed. But an examination of the arguments used in the report sheds light on where we might end up 60 years from now.
First of all, some background.
After World War II, there seemed to be an increase in homosexual activity in the UK. This may have been due to the social and psychological turmoil of the War; it may have been the publicity surrounding the 1948 Kinsey Report; it may have been just a social panic. Several high-profile men had been convicted of acts of “gross indecency” in 1954 and imprisoned, including the 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu, who later became a Conservative politician, Michael Lane-Fox Pitt-Rivers, who was filthy rich, travelled a lot and liked gardening; and Peter Wildeblood, who was probably England’s first gay rights campaigner.
“Nobody had any idea how much of it there was ... but there was an impression that it was increasing; and there was a feeling that if it was then it ought to be curbed,” the head of the committee, Sir John Wolfenden, later recalled.*
The Prime Minister of the day was a Conservative, Winston Churchill. Nonetheless, his government appointed a distinguished committee under Wolfenden, a former headmaster at two leading boys’ schools, and vice-chancellor of the University of Reading. He later became head of the British Museum. The other 14 members were well-known figures in British public life.
As we all know, the report did anything but curb the prevalence of homosexuality in British society. However, this was not the intention of the government of the day. The Home Secretary, Rab Butler, insisted, as he introduced the report into Parliament, that homosexuality was wrong:
An impression has undoubtedly gained ground - which I do not think is fair to the Wolfenden committee – that the committee desired to legalise homosexual conduct. This gives the impression that it wished to make it easier. In fact what the members of the Committee wished to do was to alter the law, not expressly to encourage or legalise such practices, but to remove them, like adultery and other sins, from the realm of the punishable offences.
So what were the arguments put forward by the Committee which eventually led to homosexuality becoming a socially-acceptable lifestyle?
(1 )The Committee firmly rejected the view – long before the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from its list of mental disorders in 1974 – that it was a “disease”. How could it be, if there was no symptom other than homosexual attraction, no pathological condition, and no identifiable cause? This was a peculiar argument – that homosexuality was not medical because the medical profession knew so little about it. It was like saying that schizophrenia was not a disease because doctors did not know what caused it. But it seemed to have convinced everyone, bar a Scottish representative, James Adair. He pointed out in a dissenting opinion that
The present state of medical and mental science, and the limited knowledge and powers of the medical profession under existing circumstances to deal with homosexual patients, make the change … premature and inopportune.
(2) The Committee rejected what subsequently became known as the “wisdom of repugnance” – that disgust and revulsion give insight into problematic moral issues, even if they are not decisive. The opposite view, which the Committee endorsed, is “different strokes for different folks”. If no clear and precise reasons can be advanced, there is nothing wrong with a behaviour:
In so far as the basis of this argument can be precisely formulated, it is often no more than the expression of revulsion against what is regarded as unnatural, sinful or disgusting… But moral conviction or instinctive feeling, however strong, is not a valid basis for overriding the individual’s privacy and for bringing within the ambit of the criminal law private sexual behaviour of this kind.
Although this is a commonplace in today’s ethical marketplace, it must have expressed Wolfenden’s own feelings. Although he was repulsed by homosexuality, his brilliant eldest son Jeremy was a flamboyant gay. Jeremy told friends that his father wrote him a note:
Dear Jeremy, You will have probably seen from the newspapers that I am to chair a Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution. I have only two requests to make of you at the moment. 1) That we stay out of each other’s way for the time being; 2) That you wear rather less make-up.
In retrospect, it is extraordinary that Wolfenden did not recuse himself. He could hardly be impartial in studying the issue.
(3) The Committee declared that homosexuality would not weaken the family any further than it already had been. In fact, it might even strengthen it, because urging homosexuals to marry was the cause of great anguish in some British marriages. The Committee enthusiastically invoked the slippery slope. Adultery, fornication and lesbian behaviour were bad enough but they were no longer criminal offences in Britain. Would legalising homosexuality make society any worse than it already was?
This argument is not to be taken as saying that society should condone or approve male homosexual behaviour. But where adultery, fornication and lesbian behaviour are not criminal offences there seems to us to be no valid ground, on the basis of damage to the family, for so regarding homosexual behaviour between men.
(4) The Committee rejected the view that legalisation would make paedophilia more common. If there were any chance of that happening, it would never have recommended it. “We are authoritatively informed that a man who has homosexual relations with an adult partner seldom turns to boys,” the committee members argued. In fact, it contended (somewhat unconvincingly) that legalisation might decrease the incidence of paedophilia because some homosexuals were exploiting boys precisely because they were less likely to blackmail them than older males.
(5) The Committee rejected the view that a change would “‘open the floodgates’ and result in unbridled licence”. Sexual preferences in the community were deemed relatively stable and unlikely to change, so legalisation could do no harm. “Even if, as has been suggested to us, homosexuals tend to proselytise, there is no valid reason for supposing that any considerable number of conversions would follow the change in the law.” It had not happened in Sweden, where homosexuality had been legalised in 1944.
(6) Finally, the committee declared that sin was not necessarily a crime. “There must remain a realm of private morality and immorality which is, in brief and crude terms, not the law’s business.”
It seems clear from reading the debates in Parliament that politicians by no means wished to condone homosexuality. In fact, in 1965, during a debate on the sexual offences bill, Norman St John-Stevas, a leading Roman Catholic Conservative MP, declared that “by making a change in the law one does not give moral approval to the homosexual. We are simply saying that criminal sanctions are inappropriate to deal with this subject.”
The question that this potted history raises is whether the British government could ever have succeeded in decriminalising homosexuality without allowing it to flourish.
The answer is No. Not, at least, with the arguments the Wolfenden Committee found so persuasive: homosexuality was not a medical condition; it could do no harm to the family; if it disgusted you, you had a problem; and it would not corrupt the youth. Very little hard evidence was tendered about the effects of legalisation. Instead arguments were cobbled together with shoddy ethical arguments, guesswork instead of statistics, and deference to experts who had confessed their own ignorance. It was the triumph of hope over experience. If it had been an economics report, the government would have rejected it. If it had been a philosophy paper, it would have failed.
These flimsy arguments never could and never would stem the flourishing of a homosexual culture in Britain. In fact, 60 years later Britons live in a country where same-sex marriage is legal and criticism of homosexuality is taboo.
Michael Cook is editor of MercatorNet.
Notes
* Tim Newburn, Permission and Regulation: Sexual Morality and the Criminal Law in Britain, 1955-1975, PhD thesis at the University of Leicester, 1988.
July 28, 2017
Part of Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg's job description is being a visionary. So it was gratifying to read of his enthusiasm for Africa. "There's this energy here, you feel it as soon as you get off the place," he said in Lagos last year. "The world needs to see that. Here is Lagos, and across the continent, things are really shifting. Things are moving from a resource-based economy and its shifting to entrepreneurial, knowledge-based economy. It's not only shaping the country but the whole continent."
With Europe, North and South America and Australia's population declining, Africa is poised to be the future of the world. So that's why it's so disheartening to read hackneyed "population bomb" arguments retailed by the new French President. In today's lead article Mathew Otineo contends that "M. Macron’s proclamations were extremely crude, offensive, insensitive and paternalistic. And, coming from a 39-year-old man with no children, they were what an African with his wits around would also call disrespectful." Africa has many problems, but over-population is not one of them.
Michael Cook
Editor
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Editor
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