- 22 May 2018 Glanders, equine - India (04): (UP) control
- 22 May 2018 Rabbit hemorrhagic disease - New Zealand (04): (MA) RHDV2, rabbit, OIE
- 22 May 2018 Japanese encephalitis - Taiwan
- 22 May 2018 New in IJID (05): May 2018
- 22 May 2018 Dengue/DHF update (11): Asia, Pacific, WHO update, persistence in semen
- 22 May 2018 Trachoma - Nepal: WHO, eliminated as a public health problem
- 22 May 2018 African swine fever - Europe (13): Hungary (SZ) wild boar, OIE
- 22 May 2018 Influenza (16): Honduras, seasonal
- 21 May 2018 Ebola update (13): case update, prevention
- 21 May 2018 Invasive tick - USA (02): (VA) comment
- 21 May 2018 Nipah virus - India (02): (KL) conf
- 21 May 2018 Nipah virus - India: (KL) susp
- 20 May 2018 Listeriosis - Sweden: (VG) fatal, mashed potatoes, recall, RFI
- 20 May 2018 Salmonellosis - Armenia: (AV) foodborne
- 20 May 2018 Ebola update (12): update, USA, response
- 20 May 2018 Lassa fever - West Africa (28): Liberia
- 19 May 2018 Invasive tick - USA: (VA)
- 19 May 2018 African swine fever - Europe (12): Moldova (TA), domestic, OIE
- 19 May 2018 Equine herpesvirus - Italy: (ER) EHV-1, OIE
- 19 May 2018 Avian influenza (75): Nepal (Narayani) poultry, HPAI H5N1, OIE
- 19 May 2018 Monkeypox - Africa (09): Cameroun
- 19 May 2018 Ebola update (11): WHO, vaccination, response
- 19 May 2018 Rabies - Brazil: (PA) human
- 18 May 2018 Newcastle disease, poultry - USA: (CA) virulent strain
- 18 May 2018 Anthrax - Uganda (05): livestock, human, OIE
- 18 May 2018 Canine respiratory infectious disease - Italy: research, novel bufavirus, susp.
- 18 May 2018 Hepatitis A - USA (19): (MI, UT, IN)
- 18 May 2018 Mumps update (05): USA (IL, VA), New Zealand (OT)
- 18 May 2018 Hand, foot & mouth disease update (04): China
- 18 May 2018 Cholera, diarrhea & dysentery update (19): Asia (Syria)
- 18 May 2018 Mayaro virus disease - Canada: (AB) ex Peru
- 18 May 2018 Foot & mouth disease - Jordan: 2017, st O, genotyped, phylogenetics
- 17 May 2018 Ebola update (10): urban case Congo DR, response, support
- 17 May 2018 Zika virus (06) - Americas, Asia, research, observations
- 17 May 2018 Listeriosis - South Africa (13): fatal, ST6
- 17 May 2018 Piscine reovirus - Canada: (BC) wild chinook at risk
- 17 May 2018 Syphilis - USA (05): (CA) congenital, rising incidence
- 17 May 2018 Rift Valley fever - South Africa: (Free State) livestock, OIE
- 17 May 2018 E. coli EHEC - USA (13): O157, romaine lettuce, increasing cases, fatality
- 17 May 2018 Influenza (15): WHO global update, Brazil
- 17 May 2018 Equine infectious anemia - USA: (TX)
- 16 May 2018 Ebola update (09): update, alerts, prevention
- 16 May 2018 Hantavirus - Americas (34): USA (WA) confirmed
- 16 May 2018 Trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) - Mexico: (YU)
- 15 May 2018 Foot & mouth disease - Israel (04): (HZ) bovine, wildlife, spread
- 15 May 2018 Malaria - USA (02): ex Costa Rica (PU) comment
- 15 May 2018 Gonococcal disease: UK, Australia, antibiotic resist. ceftriaxone/azithro. ECDC
- 15 May 2018 Anthrax - India (07): (KA) bovine
- 15 May 2018 Invasive mosquito - Jamaica
- 15 May 2018 Ebola update (08): summary, emergency plan, vaccine, roads
- 15 May 2018 Diphtheria - Yemen (05): fatal, more cases
- 15 May 2018 Acinetobacter - USA: ped, antibiotic resistant, increasing frequency, 1999-2012
- 14 May 2018 Measles update (31): Asia, Africa, Europe, Americas
- 14 May 2018 Malaria - USA: ex Costa Rica: (PU)
- 13 May 2018 Ebola update (07): Congo DR, nurse, Uganda susp, WHO, border, vaccine
- 13 May 2018 Glanders, equine - India (03): (MP), control
- 13 May 2018 Trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) - USA: ex El Salvador, central nervous system
- 13 May 2018 Infectious hematopoietic necrosis, trout - Italy: (TT) OIE
- 12 May 2018 Ebola update (06): Congo DR, susp, RFI, vulnerability, response, control
- 12 May 2018 African swine fever - Europe (11): Moldova (GA), domestic, OIE
- 12 May 2018 Mycoplasma bovis, bovine - New Zealand (08): (CA) ovine
- 12 May 2018 Leishmaniasis - Nepal: new genotype
- 12 May 2018 Equine herpesvirus - North America (19 ): USA (SD, TX, WA) equine
- 12 May 2018 Botulism, avian - Australia: (NS)
- 12 May 2018 Hepatitis A - USA (18): (MI, UT, KY)
- 12 May 2018 Anthrax - India (06): (TN) ovine
- 11 May 2018 Contaminated water - Cambodia: (KH) illness, deaths
- 11 May 2018 Ebola update (05): Congo DR, outbreak update, vaccine, preparedness, research
- 11 May 2018 Yellow fever - Americas (31): Brazil
- 11 May 2018 Poliomyelitis update (13): positive environmental samples
- 11 May 2018 E. coli EHEC - France: O26, unpasteurized cheese, alert, recall
- 11 May 2018 Leishmaniasis - Syria (02): (ID) cutaneous
- 11 May 2018 Rabies (22): Americas (USA) raccoon, human exposure
- 11 May 2018 Trypanosomiasis - Angola: (CN)
- 11 May 2018 E. coli EHEC - Canada (07): O157, romaine lettuce
- 11 May 2018 Hepatitis A - Marshall Islands: 2016-2017
- 11 May 2018 Salmonellosis, st Braenderup - USA (02): eggs, recall
- 10 May 2018 Measles update (30): Americas, Asia, Africa, Europe
- 10 May 2018 Fungal diseases, barley - Ireland: population shifts
- 10 May 2018 Japanese encephalitis - Philippines: (Luzon)
- 10 May 2018 Typhoid fever - USA: (MA) daycare center, imported
- 10 May 2018 Porcine reprod. & resp. syndrome - India: (MZ)
- 10 May 2018 Ebola update (04): Nigeria, Kenya, Congo DR (ET), WHO
- 10 May 2018 Crimean-Congo hem. fever - India (02): (RJ) animal serosurvey
- 10 May 2018 Anthrax - India (05): (OR) elephant, susp.
- 10 May 2018 Avian influenza (74): Finland (SF), wild bird, HPAI H5N6, OIE
- 10 May 2018 Salmonellosis - USA (05): (Chicago) jail inmates
- 10 May 2018 Lassa fever - West Africa (27): Liberia (MG)
- 10 May 2018 E. coli EHEC - USA (12): O157, romaine lettuce, increasing cases, fatality
- 10 May 2018 Foot & mouth disease - Kenya: st O, bovine, OIE
- 10 May 2018 Amebic meningoencephalitis, primary - Pakistan: (SD) fatal
- 10 May 2018 Anthrax - China (02): (NX) livestock, human, travel alert, corr.
- 09 May 2018 Infectious hematopoietic necrosis, trout - Macedonia: (ET) 1st rep, OIE
- 09 May 2018 Equine rhinopneumonitis - France: (eastern) EHV-1, EHV-4
- 09 May 2018 Lassa fever - West Africa (26): Nigeria
- 09 May 2018 Pertussis (06): USA, Australia
- 09 May 2018 Hepatitis A - USA (17)
- 09 May 2018 Ebola update (03): Congo DR (ET) WHO
- 08 May 2018 Rabies (23): Europe (Norway) fox, OIE
- 08 May 2018 Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Pakistan (05): (PB) update
- 08 May 2018 Avian influenza (73): Denmark (MJ) poultry, LPAI H5, OIE
- 08 May 2018 Ebola update (02): Congo DR (ET)
- 08 May 2018 Avian influenza (72): Taiwan (YL) poultry, HPAI H5, spread
- 08 May 2018 Fatal yellowing, oil palm - South America: etiology
- 08 May 2018 Undiagnosed blights, grapevine & pomegranate - India: (KA)
- 08 May 2018 Anthrax - Uganda (04): (QW) bovine, human, significant spread
- 07 May 2018 Horse deaths, drought - USA: (AZ)
- 07 May 2018 Purple blotch, spring onion - Jamaica: (MA, SE)
- 07 May 2018 Undiagnosed illness - Kenya: (BA) fatalities, RFI
- 07 May 2018 Equine herpesvirus - North America (18): USA (WY, SD) equine
- 07 May 2018 Anthrax - China (02): (NX) livestock, human, travel alert
- 07 May 2018 Dengue/DHF update (10): Asia (Reunion Island)
- 06 May 2018 Varicella update (10): India (Hyderabad), Nepal (Kathmandu)
- 06 May 2018 Measles update (29): Europe, US, Pacific and Asia
- 06 May 2018 Yellow fever - Americas (30): Brazil
- 06 May 2018 MERS-CoV (14): Israel, animal reservoir, camelids
- 06 May 2018 Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Iran: update
- 06 May 2018 Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Pakistan (04): (SD)
- 05 May 2018 Rabies (22): Asia (Malaysia, Israel), Europe (UK), WHO (global) human, animal
- 05 May 2018 Vectorborne diseases - USA (02): increasing incidence, 2004-2016, comment
- 05 May 2018 African swine fever - Europe (10): Ukraine, domestic, OIE
- 05 May 2018 Legionellosis - Australia (03): (VI)
- 05 May 2018 New in IJID (04): April 2018
- 04 May 2018 Hantavirus - Americas (33): USA (WA), Panama (LS)
- 04 May 2018 New in IJID (03): March 2018
- 04 May 2018 Treponeme-associated hoof disease - USA (02): (WA) elk, comment
- 04 May 2018 Madariaga virus - Venezuela: (LA)
- 04 May 2018 Dengue/DHF update (09): Asia, Pacific, vaccine, retinopathy
- 04 May 2018 Listeriosis - South Africa (12): fatal, ST6, WHO update
- 03 May 2018 Equine infectious anemia - Canada (02): (AB) equine
- 03 May 2018 Blackleg, oilseed rape - UK: host resistance break down
- 03 May 2018 Norovirus - USA (02): (CA) ex Canada (BC), oysters, RFI
- 03 May 2018 Equine herpesvirus - North America (17): USA (CA) equine
- 03 May 2018 Malaria, cervid - USA (04): (FL)
- 03 May 2018 Human enterovirus 71 - Taiwan: China vaccine comment
- 03 May 2018 Mycoplasma bovis, bovine - New Zealand (07)
- 03 May 2018 Chronic wasting disease, cervid - USA (08): (MO)
- 03 May 2018 Hepatitis A - Belize: (CY)
- 03 May 2018 Treponeme-associated hoof disease - USA: (WA) elk, emerging problem
- 03 May 2018 Serratia marcescens - USA: peds, central catheters, pre-filled syringes, recall
- 03 May 2018 HTLV-1 Australia (02): Indigenous people, background
- 03 May 2018 Hepatitis A - USA (16): (AR,KY,IN)
- 03 May 2018 Clubroot, oilseed rape - Canada: host resistance break down
- 02 May 2018 Mumps update (04): Mexico, USA (NY)
- 02 May 2018 Plague - Madagascar (02): 2017-2018
- 02 May 2018 E. coli EHEC - USA (11): (OK) day care center
- 02 May 2018 E. coli EHEC - USA (10): O157, romaine lettuce, fatality
- 02 May 2018 Sarcocystosis, animals - Ireland: (DG) ovine
- 02 May 2018 Bovine tuberculosis - Canada: (AB) Mexican strain, 2016
- 02 May 2018 Measles update (28): Europe, Asia, Pacific, USA
- 02 May 2018 Vectorborne diseases - USA: increasing incidence, 2004-2016
- 02 May 2018 Rabies (21): Americas (USA) raccoon, fox, coyote, goat, human exp
- 02 May 2018 Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Mauritania: (GD)
- 01 May 2018 Marijuana, canine - Canada (02) (AB)
- 01 May 2018 Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (04): (FL) equine
- 01 May 2018 Cutaneous & renal glomerular vasculopathy, canine - UK (05): (England)
- 01 May 2018 Cytauxzoonosis, feline - USA: (TN)
- 01 May 2018 Marijuana, canine - Canada: (AB)
- 30 Apr 2018 Invasive mosquito - France
- 30 Apr 2018 Paraquat - Israel: human exposure, Parkinson's disease
- 30 Apr 2018 Equine herpesvirus - North America (16): USA (CO, WY) equine
- 30 Apr 2018 Malaria - Europe: hospital-acquired 2016-2018
- 30 Apr 2018 Anthrax - India (04): (TN) elephant
- 30 Apr 2018 Bovine ephemeral fever - Australia: (NS) numerous outbreaks
- 30 Apr 2018 Yellow fever - Americas (29): Brazil
- 30 Apr 2018 Tularemia - USA (02): (KY) sentinel rabbit infected, alert
- 30 Apr 2018 Avian influenza (71): Sweden, wild birds, HPAI H5N6, clarification
- 30 Apr 2018 HTLV-1 - Australia: Indigenous people neglected disease
- 30 Apr 2018 Hand, foot & mouth disease update (03): China
- 29 Apr 2018 Tuberculosis - USA (03): (MD) human, lab macaques
- 29 Apr 2018 Foot & mouth disease - Israel (03): (HZ) bovine, spread
- 28 Apr 2018 African swine fever - Europe (09): Moldova, domestic, OIE
- 28 Apr 2018 Tuberculosis - China: (SH) neighborhood transmission, residents, migrants
- 28 Apr 2018 Hantavirus - Americas (32): USA (CA)
- 28 Apr 2018 Malaria - Trinidad & Tobago (02): imported cases
- 28 Apr 2018 Salmonellosis, st Newport - USA: ground beef from dairy cows, 2016-2017
- 27 Apr 2018 E. coli EHEC - USA (09): O157, romaine lettuce
- 27 Apr 2018 Anthrax - India (03): (AD) livestock, more human cases
- 27 Apr 2018 Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (03): (FL) equine
- 27 Apr 2018 Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Pakistan (03): (PB), update
- 27 Apr 2018 Avian influenza (70): Sweden, wild birds, HPAI H5N6
- 27 Apr 2018 Toxoplasmosis - Brazil: (RS) susp.
- 27 Apr 2018 Chronic wasting disease, cervid: research, transmissibility
- 27 Apr 2018 Malaria - Trinidad & Tobago: RFI
- 27 Apr 2018 Panama disease TR4, banana - India: spread
- 27 Apr 2018 Lethal yellowing, coconut palm - Mexico: (VE)
- 27 Apr 2018 Mumps update (03): Mexico, USA (DE, VA)
- 26 Apr 2018 Bunchy top, banana - India: (TN)
- 26 Apr 2018 Cholera, diarrhea & dysentery update (18): Asia (Yemen)
- 26 Apr 2018 Anthrax - Uganda (03): (AX) bovine, human, significant spread
- 26 Apr 2018 Foodborne illness - Peru: (PI) poss. fish source, fatality, RFI
- 26 Apr 2018 E. coli EHEC - Canada (06): (AB) O157, restaurant, pork source
- 26 Apr 2018 Black spot disease, fish - India: (JK)
- 26 Apr 2018 Legionellosis - USA (06): (NYC) fatal, apartment complex
- 26 Apr 2018 Hantavirus - Americas (31): Panama (LS)
- 26 Apr 2018 Avian influenza (69): Finland, wild bird, HPAI H5N6, OIE
- 26 Apr 2018 Varicella update (09): Canada, shingles increase
- 25 Apr 2018 E. coli EHEC - USA (08): (CA) military outbreak, undercooked beef, 2017
- 25 Apr 2018 E. coli EHEC - USA (07): O157, romaine lettuce
- 25 Apr 2018 Hepatitis A - USA (15): (OH, MI)
- 25 Apr 2018 Equine herpesvirus - North America (15): USA (GA, CA, ND) equine
- 25 Apr 2018 Candida auris - Europe: 2013-2017
- 25 Apr 2018 Measles update (27): South America, Asia, Europe, Africa, USA
- 24 Apr 2018 Anthrax, human, livestock - Argentina (02): 2017
- 24 Apr 2018 Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Pakistan (02): (PB)
- 24 Apr 2018 Foot & mouth disease - China (05): (GX) st O, swine, OIE
- 24 Apr 2018 Hepatitis A - USA (14) : (KY, WV, UT)
- 24 Apr 2018 Panicle blight, rice - Venezuela
- 24 Apr 2018 African swine fever - Europe (08): Hungary, wild boar, 1st rep, OIE
- 24 Apr 2018 Angiostrongylus vasorum, canine - UK: (ENGLAND) spread
- 23 Apr 2018 Coral reef kills - USA: (FL)
- 23 Apr 2018 Tularemia - Switzerland (3): bird of prey attack
- 23 Apr 2018 Candida auris - UK: (England) ICU, shared axillary thermometers
- 23 Apr 2018 Cryptosporidiosis - UK: (England) pet shop
- 23 Apr 2018 West Nile virus (02): Europe (Greece) reemergence, 2017
- 22 Apr 2018 Tick-borne relapsing fever - Israel: spelunkers, tourists
- 22 Apr 2018 Hantavirus - Americas (30): USA (NM)
- 22 Apr 2018 Yellow fever - Americas (28): Brazil
- 22 Apr 2018 Tularemia - Switzerland (02): 2017, commentary
- 22 Apr 2018 Chronic wasting disease, cervid - USA (07): (WI)
- 22 Apr 2018 Ebola update: Hungary (BU), laboratory exposure
- 22 Apr 2018 Lassa fever - West Africa (25): WHO Nigeria
- 22 Apr 2018 E. coli EHEC - Canada (05): (AB) O157, restaurant, fatality
- 22 Apr 2018 Botulism - USA (04): (CA) wound, injection drug-related, fatal
- 22 Apr 2018 Measles update (26): Europe, Pacific, Asia, USA
Published Date: 2018-05-22 15:03:29
Subject: PRO/AH/EDR> Glanders, equine - India (04): (UP) control
Archive Number: 20180522.5811652
Subject: PRO/AH/EDR> Glanders, equine - India (04): (UP) control
Archive Number: 20180522.5811652
GLANDERS, EQUINE - INDIA (04): (UTTAR PRADESH) CONTROL
******************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
Date: Mon 21 May 2018
Source: Nyoooz, The Times of India (TOI) report [edited]
https://www.nyoooz.com/news/meerut/1117540/baghpat-bans-entry-exit-of-equines-after-8-test-positive-for-glanders/
Work has almost come to a standstill at 800 brick kilns in Baghpat region as the dreaded glander Persian [glanders] disease, that affects mostly equines, has struck the district so much so that government has directed the local authorities to put the infected mules and horses to sleep. In a recent survey of 117 equines by the animal husbandry department, 8 tested positive.
There are around 3000 horses, mules, and donkeys in Baghpat district and some 2000 are primarily engaged in brick kilns to ferry bricks.
The remaining 1000 are used for transportation. District administration has declared the entire district, "control area", denying exit and entry of the animals from and into the district to prevent this highly contagious bacterial disease from spreading.
"During checking, we had sent 117 blood samples to Hisar-based laboratory, National Equine Research Institute (NERI).
After 8 samples tested positive, NERI lab technicians had come to Baghpat to take samples from horses and mules diagnosed as suffering from glanders.
They were again found to be positive after which orders were passed to cull these eight animals," said Dr Rajpal Singh, district veterinary officer. Baghpat is close to Meerut cantonment which houses Remount Veterinary Core (RVC) comprising close to 5000 Army horses in its Meerut, Babugarh, and Saharanpur facilities. Meerut also has Central Military Veterinary Laboratory (CMVL) where animals are treated for various diseases.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail from HealthMap Alerts
<promed@promedmail.org>
[India and Brazil are known to lead the list of countries where glanders, a zoonotic, OIE-listed equid disease, is endemic. According to the OIE records, the annual, countrywide numbers of reported glanders outbreaks (in equidae) countrywide in India were as follows: 2010 - 1; 2011 - 3; 2012 - 1; 2013 - 1; 2014 - 0; 2015 - 5; 2016 - 22. No annual reports from India for the years 2016 and 2017 are available yet on OIE's website. During the 1st semester (January-June) of 2017, a total of 2 outbreaks of glanders were reported, one each in Jammu & Kashmir and in Uttar Pradesh.
No statistics on the incidence of glanders in humans in India could be obtained.
Glanders is a contagious and fatal disease of horses, donkeys, and mules caused by infection with the bacterium _Burkholderia mallei_. The pathogen causes nodules and ulcerations in the upper respiratory tract and lungs. A skin form also occurs, known as "farcy." Control of glanders requires testing of suspect clinical cases, screening of apparently normal equids, and elimination of reactors. _B. mallei_ can be transmitted to humans, but such cases, which were known to be often fatal, have become rather uncommon (see ref 1). In view of its zoonotic potential, all infected or contaminated (or potentially infected or contaminated) material must be handled in a laboratory with appropriate biosafety and biosecurity controls following a bio-risk analysis.
The above and additional information on glanders, its causative agent, and its diagnosis is available at http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/2.05.11_GLANDERS.pdf. A useful updated review on the disease, including its recent global distribution, is available in ref 1.
No vaccine against this disease is available; however, prior use of _B. mallei_ as a biological weapon and its high mortality in inhalation animal studies has affirmed _B. mallei_ as a biodefense concern. This encouraged, in the past, studies addressing the development of a human vaccine (ref 2).
References
----------
1. Elschner MC, Neubauer H, and Sprague LD. The resurrection of glanders in a new epidemiological scenario: a beneficiary of "global change". Curr Clin Microbiol Rep. 2017; 4(1): 54-60; abstract available at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40588-017-0058-6.
2. Van Zandt KE, Greer MT, and Gelhaus HC. Glanders: an overview of infection in humans. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2013; 8: 131; available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3766238.
- Mod.AS
Maps of India: http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/india-political-map.htm and http://healthmap.org/promed/p/42953
Baghpat district is located in western Uttar Pradesh (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghpat).]
******************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
Date: Mon 21 May 2018
Source: Nyoooz, The Times of India (TOI) report [edited]
https://www.nyoooz.com/news/meerut/1117540/baghpat-bans-entry-exit-of-equines-after-8-test-positive-for-glanders/
Work has almost come to a standstill at 800 brick kilns in Baghpat region as the dreaded glander Persian [glanders] disease, that affects mostly equines, has struck the district so much so that government has directed the local authorities to put the infected mules and horses to sleep. In a recent survey of 117 equines by the animal husbandry department, 8 tested positive.
There are around 3000 horses, mules, and donkeys in Baghpat district and some 2000 are primarily engaged in brick kilns to ferry bricks.
The remaining 1000 are used for transportation. District administration has declared the entire district, "control area", denying exit and entry of the animals from and into the district to prevent this highly contagious bacterial disease from spreading.
"During checking, we had sent 117 blood samples to Hisar-based laboratory, National Equine Research Institute (NERI).
After 8 samples tested positive, NERI lab technicians had come to Baghpat to take samples from horses and mules diagnosed as suffering from glanders.
They were again found to be positive after which orders were passed to cull these eight animals," said Dr Rajpal Singh, district veterinary officer. Baghpat is close to Meerut cantonment which houses Remount Veterinary Core (RVC) comprising close to 5000 Army horses in its Meerut, Babugarh, and Saharanpur facilities. Meerut also has Central Military Veterinary Laboratory (CMVL) where animals are treated for various diseases.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail from HealthMap Alerts
<promed@promedmail.org>
[India and Brazil are known to lead the list of countries where glanders, a zoonotic, OIE-listed equid disease, is endemic. According to the OIE records, the annual, countrywide numbers of reported glanders outbreaks (in equidae) countrywide in India were as follows: 2010 - 1; 2011 - 3; 2012 - 1; 2013 - 1; 2014 - 0; 2015 - 5; 2016 - 22. No annual reports from India for the years 2016 and 2017 are available yet on OIE's website. During the 1st semester (January-June) of 2017, a total of 2 outbreaks of glanders were reported, one each in Jammu & Kashmir and in Uttar Pradesh.
No statistics on the incidence of glanders in humans in India could be obtained.
Glanders is a contagious and fatal disease of horses, donkeys, and mules caused by infection with the bacterium _Burkholderia mallei_. The pathogen causes nodules and ulcerations in the upper respiratory tract and lungs. A skin form also occurs, known as "farcy." Control of glanders requires testing of suspect clinical cases, screening of apparently normal equids, and elimination of reactors. _B. mallei_ can be transmitted to humans, but such cases, which were known to be often fatal, have become rather uncommon (see ref 1). In view of its zoonotic potential, all infected or contaminated (or potentially infected or contaminated) material must be handled in a laboratory with appropriate biosafety and biosecurity controls following a bio-risk analysis.
The above and additional information on glanders, its causative agent, and its diagnosis is available at http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/2.05.11_GLANDERS.pdf. A useful updated review on the disease, including its recent global distribution, is available in ref 1.
No vaccine against this disease is available; however, prior use of _B. mallei_ as a biological weapon and its high mortality in inhalation animal studies has affirmed _B. mallei_ as a biodefense concern. This encouraged, in the past, studies addressing the development of a human vaccine (ref 2).
References
----------
1. Elschner MC, Neubauer H, and Sprague LD. The resurrection of glanders in a new epidemiological scenario: a beneficiary of "global change". Curr Clin Microbiol Rep. 2017; 4(1): 54-60; abstract available at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40588-017-0058-6.
2. Van Zandt KE, Greer MT, and Gelhaus HC. Glanders: an overview of infection in humans. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2013; 8: 131; available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3766238.
- Mod.AS
Maps of India: http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/india-political-map.htm and http://healthmap.org/promed/p/42953
Baghpat district is located in western Uttar Pradesh (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghpat).]
See Also
Glanders, equine - India (03): (MP), control 20180513.5795665Glanders, equine - India (02): (GJ) 20180208.5615642
Glanders, equine - India: (UP), spread 20180118.5568659
2017
----
Glanders, equine - India (03): (MH) 20170716.5177536
Glanders, equine - India (02): (RJ) 20170329.4934138
Glanders, equine - India: (MP) 20170312.4894996
2016
----
Glanders, equine - India (03): (HR) RFI 20160812.4412512
Glanders, equine - India (02): (HR) 20160810.4405589
Glanders, equine - India: (GJ) RFI 20160708.4333940
2015
----
Glanders, equine - India: (JK) equidae, RFI 20151215.3865159
2014
----
Glanders - worldwide: re-emergence 20141006.2836047
.................................................sb/arn/mj/lm
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