Medication Reconciliation
Background
Patients often receive new medications or have changes made to their existing medications at times of transitions in care—upon hospital admission, transfer from one unit to another during hospitalization, or discharge from the hospital to home or another facility. Although most of these changes are intentional, unintended changes occur frequently for a variety of reasons. For example, hospital-based clinicians might not be able to easily access patients' complete pre-admission medication lists, or may be unaware of recent medication changes. As a result, the new medication regimen prescribed at the time of discharge may inadvertently omit needed medications, unnecessarily duplicate existing therapies, or contain incorrect dosages. These discrepancies place patients at risk for adverse drug events (ADEs), which have been shown to be one of the most common types of adverse events after hospital discharge. Medication reconciliation refers to the process of avoiding such inadvertent inconsistencies across transitions in care by reviewing the patient's complete medication regimen at the time of admission, transfer, and discharge and comparing it with the regimen being considered for the new setting of care.
Source: Cornish PL, Knowles SR, Marchesano R, et al. Unintended medication discrepancies at the time of hospital admission. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:424-429. [go to PubMed]
Accomplishing Medication Reconciliation
The evidence supporting patient benefits from reconciling medications is relatively scanty. Most medication reconciliation interventions have focused on attempting to prevent medication errors at hospital admission or discharge, but the most effective and generalizable strategies remain unclear. A 2012 systematic review of 26 inpatient medication reconciliation studies found some evidence that pharmacist-led processes could prevent medication discrepancies and potential ADEs after discharge, a finding corroborated by a 2013 systematic reviewpublished as part of the AHRQ Making Healthcare Safer II report. However, both these reviews noted that the actual clinical effect of medication discrepancies after discharge appears to be small, and therefore, medication reconciliation alone does not reduce readmissions or other adverse events after discharge.
Information technology solutions are being widely studied and also appear to prevent unintended medication discrepancies, but their effect on clinical outcomes is similarly unclear. This may be in part due to the fact that medication discrepancies can persist even in organizations with fully integrated electronic medical records. Several recent studies also investigated the role of enhanced patient engagement in medication reconciliation in theoutpatient setting and after hospital discharge. These efforts are promising but also lack evidence regarding the impact on medication error rates.
Current Context
Medication reconciliation was named as 2005 National Patient Safety Goal #8 by the Joint Commission. The Joint Commission's announcement called on organizations to "accurately and completely reconcile medications across the continuum of care." In 2006, accredited organizations were required to "implement a process for obtaining and documenting a complete list of the patient's current medications upon the patient's admission to the organization and with the involvement of the patient" and to communicate "a complete list of the patient's medications…to the next provider of service when a patient is referred or transferred to another setting, service, practitioner or level of care within or outside the organization."
The Joint Commission suspended scoring of medication reconciliation during on-site accreditation surveys between 2009 and 2011. This policy change was made in recognition of the lack of proven strategies for accomplishing medication reconciliation. As of July 2011, medication reconciliation has been incorporated into National Patient Safety Goal #3, "Improving the safety of using medications." This National Patient Safety Goal requires that organizations "maintain and communicate accurate medication information" and "compare the medication information the patient brought to the hospital with the medications ordered for the patient by the hospital in order to identify and resolve discrepancies."
Patients often receive new medications or have changes made to their existing medications at times of transitions in care—upon hospital admission, transfer from one unit to another during hospitalization, or discharge from the hospital to home or another facility. Although most of these changes are intentional, unintended changes occur frequently for a variety of reasons. For example, hospital-based clinicians might not be able to easily access patients' complete pre-admission medication lists, or may be unaware of recent medication changes. As a result, the new medication regimen prescribed at the time of discharge may inadvertently omit needed medications, unnecessarily duplicate existing therapies, or contain incorrect dosages. These discrepancies place patients at risk for adverse drug events (ADEs), which have been shown to be one of the most common types of adverse events after hospital discharge. Medication reconciliation refers to the process of avoiding such inadvertent inconsistencies across transitions in care by reviewing the patient's complete medication regimen at the time of admission, transfer, and discharge and comparing it with the regimen being considered for the new setting of care.
Source: Cornish PL, Knowles SR, Marchesano R, et al. Unintended medication discrepancies at the time of hospital admission. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:424-429. [go to PubMed]
Accomplishing Medication Reconciliation
The evidence supporting patient benefits from reconciling medications is relatively scanty. Most medication reconciliation interventions have focused on attempting to prevent medication errors at hospital admission or discharge, but the most effective and generalizable strategies remain unclear. A 2012 systematic review of 26 inpatient medication reconciliation studies found some evidence that pharmacist-led processes could prevent medication discrepancies and potential ADEs after discharge, a finding corroborated by a 2013 systematic reviewpublished as part of the AHRQ Making Healthcare Safer II report. However, both these reviews noted that the actual clinical effect of medication discrepancies after discharge appears to be small, and therefore, medication reconciliation alone does not reduce readmissions or other adverse events after discharge.
Information technology solutions are being widely studied and also appear to prevent unintended medication discrepancies, but their effect on clinical outcomes is similarly unclear. This may be in part due to the fact that medication discrepancies can persist even in organizations with fully integrated electronic medical records. Several recent studies also investigated the role of enhanced patient engagement in medication reconciliation in theoutpatient setting and after hospital discharge. These efforts are promising but also lack evidence regarding the impact on medication error rates.
Current Context
Medication reconciliation was named as 2005 National Patient Safety Goal #8 by the Joint Commission. The Joint Commission's announcement called on organizations to "accurately and completely reconcile medications across the continuum of care." In 2006, accredited organizations were required to "implement a process for obtaining and documenting a complete list of the patient's current medications upon the patient's admission to the organization and with the involvement of the patient" and to communicate "a complete list of the patient's medications…to the next provider of service when a patient is referred or transferred to another setting, service, practitioner or level of care within or outside the organization."
The Joint Commission suspended scoring of medication reconciliation during on-site accreditation surveys between 2009 and 2011. This policy change was made in recognition of the lack of proven strategies for accomplishing medication reconciliation. As of July 2011, medication reconciliation has been incorporated into National Patient Safety Goal #3, "Improving the safety of using medications." This National Patient Safety Goal requires that organizations "maintain and communicate accurate medication information" and "compare the medication information the patient brought to the hospital with the medications ordered for the patient by the hospital in order to identify and resolve discrepancies."
What's New in Medication Reconciliation on AHRQ PSNet
STUDY
Impact of incorporating pharmacy claims data into electronic medication reconciliation.
Phansalkar S, Her QL, Tucker AD, et al. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2015;72:212-217.
STUDY
A prospective cohort study of medication reconciliation using pharmacy technicians in the emergency department to reduce medication errors among admitted patients.
Cater SW, Luzum M, Serra AE, et al. J Emerg Med. 2015;48:230-238.
COMMENTARY
Pharmacist-managed inpatient discharge medication reconciliation: a combined onsite and telepharmacy model.
Keeys C, Kalejaiye B, Skinner M, et al. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2014;71:2159-2166.
STUDY
How do community pharmacies recover from e-prescription errors?
Odukoya OK, Stone JA, Chui MA. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2014;10:837-852.
Impact of incorporating pharmacy claims data into electronic medication reconciliation.
Phansalkar S, Her QL, Tucker AD, et al. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2015;72:212-217.
A prospective cohort study of medication reconciliation using pharmacy technicians in the emergency department to reduce medication errors among admitted patients.
Cater SW, Luzum M, Serra AE, et al. J Emerg Med. 2015;48:230-238.
Pharmacist-managed inpatient discharge medication reconciliation: a combined onsite and telepharmacy model.
Keeys C, Kalejaiye B, Skinner M, et al. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2014;71:2159-2166.
How do community pharmacies recover from e-prescription errors?
Odukoya OK, Stone JA, Chui MA. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2014;10:837-852.
Reconciling Records.
Hardeep Singh, MD, MPH; Dean F. Sittig, PhD; Maureen Layden, MD, MPH. AHRQ WebM&M [serial online]. November 2010
Medication Reconciliation Pitfalls.
Robert J. Weber, PharmD, MS. AHRQ WebM&M [serial online]. February 2010
Medication Reconciliation Victory after an Avoidable Error.
Timothy W. Cutler, PharmD. AHRQ WebM&M [serial online]. February/March 2009
Hospital Admission Due to High-Dose Methotrexate Drug Interaction.
Lydia C. Siegel, MD; Tejal K. Gandhi, MD, MPH. AHRQ WebM&M [serial online]. January 2009
Integrating Multiple Medication Decision Support Systems: How Will We Make It All Work?.
Josh Peterson, MD, MPH. AHRQ WebM&M [serial online]. May 2008
Medication Reconciliation: Whose Job Is It?
Eric G. Poon, MD, MPH. AHRQ WebM&M [serial online]. September 2007
Reconciling Doses.
Frank Federico, RPh. AHRQ WebM&M [serial online]. November 2005
Hardeep Singh, MD, MPH; Dean F. Sittig, PhD; Maureen Layden, MD, MPH. AHRQ WebM&M [serial online]. November 2010
Robert J. Weber, PharmD, MS. AHRQ WebM&M [serial online]. February 2010
Timothy W. Cutler, PharmD. AHRQ WebM&M [serial online]. February/March 2009
Lydia C. Siegel, MD; Tejal K. Gandhi, MD, MPH. AHRQ WebM&M [serial online]. January 2009
Josh Peterson, MD, MPH. AHRQ WebM&M [serial online]. May 2008
Eric G. Poon, MD, MPH. AHRQ WebM&M [serial online]. September 2007
Frank Federico, RPh. AHRQ WebM&M [serial online]. November 2005
Heyworth L, Paquin AM, Clark J, et al. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2014;21:e157-e162.
Kwan JL, Lo L, Sampson M, Shojania KG. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(5 Pt 2):397-403.
Effect of a pharmacist intervention on clinically important medication errors after hospital discharge: a randomized trial.Kripalani S, Roumie CL, Dalal AK, et al; PILL-CVD (Pharmacist Intervention for Low Literacy in Cardiovascular Disease) Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157:1-10.
Hospital-based medication reconciliation practices: a systematic review.Mueller SK, Sponsler KC, Kripalani S, Schnipper JL. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172:1057-1069.
Association of ICU or hospital admission with unintentional discontinuation of medications for chronic diseases.Bell CM, Brener SS, Gunraj N, et al. JAMA. 2011;306:840-847.
Effect of an electronic medication reconciliation application and process redesign on potential adverse drug events: a cluster-randomized trial.Schnipper JL, Hamann C, Ndumele CD, et al. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:771-780.
Gillespie U, Alassaad A, Henrohn D, et al. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:894-900.
Role of pharmacist counseling in preventing adverse drug events after hospitalization.Schnipper JL, Kirwin JL, Cotugno MC, et al. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:565-571.
Unintended medication discrepancies at the time of hospital admission.Cornish PL, Knowles SR, Marchesano R, et al. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:424-429.
Gleason KM, Brake H, Agramonte V, Perfetti C. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; Revised August 2012. AHRQ Publication No. 11(12)-0059.
The Massachusetts Coalition for the Prevention of Medical Errors.
Oakbrook Terrace, IL: The Joint Commission; 2015.
Sentinel Event Alert. January 25, 2006;(35):1-4.
Preventing Medication Errors: Quality Chasm Series.Committee on Identifying and Preventing Medication Errors, Aspden P, Wolcott J, Bootman JL, Cronenwett LR, eds. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2007.
Oakbrook Terrace, IL: Joint Commission Resources and the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2006. ISBN: 0866889566.
.png)
No hay comentarios:
Publicar un comentario