Preventing Chronic Disease | Adaptation and Evaluation of the WillTry Tool Among Children in Guam - CDC
Adaptation and Evaluation of the WillTry Tool Among Children in Guam
Tanisha F. Aflague, MS; Rachael T. Leon Guerrero, PhD; Carol J. Boushey, PhD
Suggested citation for this article: Aflague TF, Leon Guerrero RT, Boushey CJ. Adaptation and Evaluation of the WillTry Tool Among Children in Guam. Prev Chronic Dis 2014;11:140032. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/PCD11.140032
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PEER REVIEWED
Abstract
Introduction
Fruit and vegetable consumption may reduce risk for chronic disease and obesity. Children’s fruit and vegetable intake is mediated by a preference or willingness to try them. This study’s primary objective was to adapt the previously validatedWillTry tool and to evaluate the adapted version among children in Guam.
Fruit and vegetable consumption may reduce risk for chronic disease and obesity. Children’s fruit and vegetable intake is mediated by a preference or willingness to try them. This study’s primary objective was to adapt the previously validatedWillTry tool and to evaluate the adapted version among children in Guam.
Methods
Adaptations to the WillTry tool included both novel fruits and vegetables unique to Guam and common ones. Children aged 3 to 11 years who attended 2 community-based summer day camps in 2013 were shown images matching 14 food questions in an initial interview and in a second interview conducted 3 to 72 hours later. Responses were “no,” “maybe,” or “yes” and were coded as 1, 2, or 3, respectively. A higher score indicated more willingness to try fruits and vegetables. Factor analyses determined components of willingness. Psychometric properties and reliability were analyzed.
Adaptations to the WillTry tool included both novel fruits and vegetables unique to Guam and common ones. Children aged 3 to 11 years who attended 2 community-based summer day camps in 2013 were shown images matching 14 food questions in an initial interview and in a second interview conducted 3 to 72 hours later. Responses were “no,” “maybe,” or “yes” and were coded as 1, 2, or 3, respectively. A higher score indicated more willingness to try fruits and vegetables. Factor analyses determined components of willingness. Psychometric properties and reliability were analyzed.
Results
Sixty-five children completed the first interview, and 64 completed the second. Factor analyses revealed 3 components (scales):1) local novel (guava, breadfruit, eggplant, sweet sop, star apple, taro leaves), 2) local common (carrot, papaya, long beans, salad greens), and 3) imported (apple, canned peaches, canned corn). All but the imported scale had sufficient internal consistency (Cronbach’s α > 0.69). Each scale had substantial reliability (ICC > 0.76). We found no significant differences by age, sex, or type of camp for any scale. Mean scores were 2.1 (local novel), 2.4 (local common), and 2.7 (imported), and all were significantly different.
Sixty-five children completed the first interview, and 64 completed the second. Factor analyses revealed 3 components (scales):1) local novel (guava, breadfruit, eggplant, sweet sop, star apple, taro leaves), 2) local common (carrot, papaya, long beans, salad greens), and 3) imported (apple, canned peaches, canned corn). All but the imported scale had sufficient internal consistency (Cronbach’s α > 0.69). Each scale had substantial reliability (ICC > 0.76). We found no significant differences by age, sex, or type of camp for any scale. Mean scores were 2.1 (local novel), 2.4 (local common), and 2.7 (imported), and all were significantly different.
Conclusion
The adapted WillTry was culturally relevant and had psychometric properties similar to those of the original. An unexpected finding was the tool’s potential for documenting the nutrition transition.
The adapted WillTry was culturally relevant and had psychometric properties similar to those of the original. An unexpected finding was the tool’s potential for documenting the nutrition transition.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the summer camps and the families and children who participated in the study; JL Thomson et al for permission to use the WillTry tool; and research assistant Rosae Calvo for her contributions to the study. Sources of financial support were the National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute grant no. 1U01CA130784-01 and Agriculture and Food Research Initiative grant no. 2011-68001-30335 from the US Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agricultural Science Enhancement Coordinated Agricultural Program.
Author Information
Corresponding Author: Tanisha F. Aflague, MS, Human Nutrition, Food, and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1955 East West Rd, 302O, Honolulu, HI 96822. Telephone: 808-564-5915. E-mail: franquez@hawaii.edu.
Author Affiliations: Rachael T. Leon Guerrero, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam; Carol J. Boushey, University of Hawaii Cancer Center Honolulu, Hawai’i.
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