AVIAN INFLUENZA, HUMAN (45): WHO, HUMAN-ANIMAL INTERFACE
********************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
Date: Mon 9 May 2016
Source: WHO, Influenza at the Human-Animal Interface (HAI) [edited]
http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/Influenza_Summary_IRA_HA_interface_05_09_2016.pdf
Influenza at the human-animal interface: summary and assessment, 5 Apr-9 May 2016
------------------------------------------------------------------
China: human infection with avian influenza A(H5) viruses
---------------------------------------------------------
In this reporting period, 3 new human A(H5N6) virus infections were notified to WHO (table 1 [see the source URL above for all tables and figures]). These are the 1st human cases of A(H5N6) virus infection reported from Anhui and Hubei provinces. All 3 cases had exposure to live poultry or live poultry markets. A total of 14 laboratory-confirmed cases of human infection with avian influenza A(H5N6) virus, including 6 deaths, have been detected in China since 2014. In the past 4 months, twice as many cases have been reported since the 1st case was detected in 2014.
According to the animal health authorities in China, influenza A(H5N6) viruses have been detected in poultry in recent months in many provinces in the country, including those reporting human cases.
Recent publications indicate ongoing evolution of avian influenza A(H5N6) viruses through reassortment with other avian influenza viruses resulting in viruses with different internal genes. To date, no changes in transmissibility in humans have been detected as a result of these reassortant viruses. Surveillance is continuing in both human and animal populations to monitor for further virus evolution. All recent avian influenza A(H5N6) viruses that have been tested remain susceptible to the neuraminidase inhibitor class of antiviral drugs.
No new laboratory-confirmed human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection were reported. Since 2003, a total of 850 laboratory-confirmed cases of human infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus, including 449 deaths, have been reported to WHO from 16 countries. Although other influenza A(H5) viruses have the potential to cause disease in humans, no human cases have been reported so far. According to reports received by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), various influenza A(H5) subtypes, such as influenza A(H5N1), A(H5N2), A(H5N6), A(H5N8) and A(H5N9), continue to be detected in birds in West Africa, Europe and Asia.
Risk assessment
---------------
1. What is the likelihood that additional human cases of infection with avian influenza A(H5) viruses will occur?
Most human cases were exposed to A(H5) viruses through contact with infected poultry or contaminated environments, including live poultry markets. Since the viruses continue to be detected in animals and environments, further human cases can be expected.
2. What is the likelihood of human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A(H5) viruses?
Even though small clusters of A(H5) virus infections have been reported previously including those involving healthcare workers, current epidemiological and virological evidence suggests that this and other A(H5) viruses have not acquired the ability of sustained transmission among humans, thus the likelihood is low.
3. What is the risk of international spread of avian influenza A(H5) viruses by travellers?
Should infected individuals from affected areas travel internationally, their infection may be detected in another country during travel or after arrival. If this were to occur, further community level spread is considered unlikely as evidence suggests these viruses have not acquired the ability to transmit easily among humans.
Human infection with other non-seasonal influenza viruses
---------------------------------------------------------
China: avian influenza A(H7N9)
------------------------------
Since the last update, China reported 17 new laboratory-confirmed human cases of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection to WHO, including 5 deaths [table 2]. One additional case in a cluster was reported. The cluster included an 85 year old female from Zhejiang Province. She had onset of symptoms on 1 Mar 2016 and passed away on 8 Mar 2016. She had been admitted to the same hospital and shared the ward with a confirmed case between 22 and 23 Feb 2016. She was not exposed to live poultry or live poultry market, according to her relatives. The confirmed case admitted to the same ward was a 29 year old male from Zhejiang Province who developed symptoms on 15 Feb 2016. He had exposure to a live poultry market and a household contact that was also a confirmed case. The household contact (from Fujian Province) developed symptoms on 4 Feb 2016 and had exposure to a live poultry market. Human to human transmission between the 29 year old male and the 85 year old female is likely considering the virological information obtained thus far. Additionally, one laboratory-confirmed case of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection was reported to WHO from Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) (table 2).
A total of 770 laboratory-confirmed cases of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) viruses, including at least 306 deaths, have been reported to WHO (figure 1). According to reports received by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) on surveillance activities for avian influenza A(H7N9) viruses in China, positives among virological samples continue to be detected mainly from live bird markets, vendors, and some commercial or breeding farms.
Risk assessment
---------------
1. What is the likelihood that additional human cases of infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) viruses will occur?
Most human cases are exposed to the A(H7N9) virus through contact with infected poultry or contaminated environments, including live poultry markets. Since the virus continues to be detected in animals and environments, further human cases can be expected.
2. What is the likelihood of human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A(H7N9) viruses?
Even though small clusters of cases have been reported, including those involving healthcare workers, current epidemiological and virological evidence suggests that this virus has not acquired the ability of sustained transmission among humans, thus the likelihood is low.
3. What is the risk of international spread of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus by travellers?
Should infected individuals from affected areas travel internationally, their infection may be detected in another country during travel or after arrival. If this were to occur, further community level spread is considered unlikely as this virus has not acquired the ability to transmit easily among humans.
Egypt: avian influenza A(H9)
----------------------------
One human infection with avian influenza A(H9) virus was reported from Egypt. The case is an 18 month old male from Cairo Governorate who developed influenza-like illness on 10 Apr 2016. On 20 Apr 2016, a sample from this patient tested positive for an influenza A(H9) virus. The patient is reportedly in good condition and the epidemiological investigation revealed the case had exposure to live poultry at a market in the 2 weeks prior to onset of illness. While infection with influenza A(H9N2) is likely in this case, laboratory confirmation of the neuraminidase type is anticipated.
A total of 28 laboratory-confirmed, non-fatal cases of human infection with avian influenza A(H9N2) viruses have been detected globally in the past. In most human cases, the associated disease symptoms have been mild and there has been no evidence of human-to-human transmission. Influenza A(H9N2) viruses are enzootic in poultry populations in parts of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. The majority of viruses that have been sequenced belong to the A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/97 (G1), A/chicken/Beijing/1/ 94 (Y280/G9), or Eurasian clades.
Risk assessment
---------------
1. What is the likelihood that additional human cases of infection with avian influenza A(H9N2) viruses will occur?
Most human cases are exposed to the A(H9N2) virus through contact with infected poultry or contaminated environments. Human infection tends to result in mild clinical illness. Since the virus continues to be detected in poultry populations, further human cases can be expected.
2. What is the likelihood of human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A(H9N2) viruses?
No case clusters have been reported. Current epidemiological and virological evidence suggests that this virus has not acquired the ability of sustained transmission among humans, thus the likelihood is low.
3. What is the risk of international spread of avian influenza A(H9N2) virus by travellers?
Should infected individuals from affected areas travel internationally, their infection may be detected in another country during travel or after arrival. If this were to occur, further community level spread is considered unlikely as this virus has not acquired the ability to transmit easily among humans.
Overall risk management recommendations
---------------------------------------
- WHO does not advise special traveller screening at points of entry or restrictions with regard to the current situation of influenza viruses at the human-animal interface. For recommendations on safe trade in animals from countries affected by these influenza viruses, refer to OIE guidance.
- WHO advises that travellers to countries with known outbreaks of animal influenza should avoid farms, contact with animals in live animal markets, entering areas where animals may be slaughtered, or contact with any surfaces that appear to be contaminated with animal faeces. Travellers should also wash their hands often with soap and water. Travellers should follow good food safety and good food hygiene practices.
- Due to the constantly evolving nature of influenza viruses, WHO continues to stress the importance of global surveillance to detect virological, epidemiological and clinical changes associated with circulating influenza viruses that may affect human (or animal) health.
Continued vigilance is needed within affected and neighbouring areas to detect infections in animals and humans. As the extent of virus circulation in animals is not clear, epidemiological and virological surveillance and the follow-up of suspected human cases should remain high.
- All human infections caused by a new influenza subtype are notifiable under the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005).9 State Parties to the IHR (2005) are required to immediately notify WHO of any laboratory-confirmed case of a recent human infection caused by an influenza A virus with the potential to cause a pandemic. Evidence of illness is not required for this report.
- It is critical that influenza viruses from animals and people are fully characterized in appropriate animal or human health influenza reference laboratories and reported according to international standards. Under WHO's Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP) Framework, member states are expected to share their influenza viruses with pandemic potential on a regular and timely basis with the Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS), a WHO-coordinated network of public health laboratories. The viruses are used by the public health laboratories to assess the risk of pandemic influenza and to develop candidate vaccine viruses.
--
communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[The report also includes useful links to additional information:
- WHO human-animal interface web page
http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/en/
- cumulative number of confirmed human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) reported to WHO
http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/H5N1_cumulative_table_archives/en/
- avian influenza A(H7N9) information:
http://who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/influenza_h7n9/en/index.html
- WHO avian influenza food safety issues
http://www.who.int/foodsafety/areas_work/zoonose/avian/en/
- World Organisation of Animal Health (OIE) web page: web portal on avian influenza
http://www.oie.int/animal-health-in-the-world/web-portal-on-avian-influenza/
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) webpage: Avian Influenza
http://www.fao.org/avianflu/en/index.html
- OFFLU [joint OIE-FAO global network of expertise on animal influenzas]
http://www.offlu.net/index.html
The evolutionary changes in the non human influenza viruses must be continuously monitored for emergence of potential pandemic strains. - Mod.UBA
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at: http://healthmap.org/promed/p/55.]
********************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
Date: Mon 9 May 2016
Source: WHO, Influenza at the Human-Animal Interface (HAI) [edited]
http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/Influenza_Summary_IRA_HA_interface_05_09_2016.pdf
Influenza at the human-animal interface: summary and assessment, 5 Apr-9 May 2016
------------------------------------------------------------------
China: human infection with avian influenza A(H5) viruses
---------------------------------------------------------
In this reporting period, 3 new human A(H5N6) virus infections were notified to WHO (table 1 [see the source URL above for all tables and figures]). These are the 1st human cases of A(H5N6) virus infection reported from Anhui and Hubei provinces. All 3 cases had exposure to live poultry or live poultry markets. A total of 14 laboratory-confirmed cases of human infection with avian influenza A(H5N6) virus, including 6 deaths, have been detected in China since 2014. In the past 4 months, twice as many cases have been reported since the 1st case was detected in 2014.
According to the animal health authorities in China, influenza A(H5N6) viruses have been detected in poultry in recent months in many provinces in the country, including those reporting human cases.
Recent publications indicate ongoing evolution of avian influenza A(H5N6) viruses through reassortment with other avian influenza viruses resulting in viruses with different internal genes. To date, no changes in transmissibility in humans have been detected as a result of these reassortant viruses. Surveillance is continuing in both human and animal populations to monitor for further virus evolution. All recent avian influenza A(H5N6) viruses that have been tested remain susceptible to the neuraminidase inhibitor class of antiviral drugs.
No new laboratory-confirmed human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection were reported. Since 2003, a total of 850 laboratory-confirmed cases of human infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus, including 449 deaths, have been reported to WHO from 16 countries. Although other influenza A(H5) viruses have the potential to cause disease in humans, no human cases have been reported so far. According to reports received by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), various influenza A(H5) subtypes, such as influenza A(H5N1), A(H5N2), A(H5N6), A(H5N8) and A(H5N9), continue to be detected in birds in West Africa, Europe and Asia.
Risk assessment
---------------
1. What is the likelihood that additional human cases of infection with avian influenza A(H5) viruses will occur?
Most human cases were exposed to A(H5) viruses through contact with infected poultry or contaminated environments, including live poultry markets. Since the viruses continue to be detected in animals and environments, further human cases can be expected.
2. What is the likelihood of human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A(H5) viruses?
Even though small clusters of A(H5) virus infections have been reported previously including those involving healthcare workers, current epidemiological and virological evidence suggests that this and other A(H5) viruses have not acquired the ability of sustained transmission among humans, thus the likelihood is low.
3. What is the risk of international spread of avian influenza A(H5) viruses by travellers?
Should infected individuals from affected areas travel internationally, their infection may be detected in another country during travel or after arrival. If this were to occur, further community level spread is considered unlikely as evidence suggests these viruses have not acquired the ability to transmit easily among humans.
Human infection with other non-seasonal influenza viruses
---------------------------------------------------------
China: avian influenza A(H7N9)
------------------------------
Since the last update, China reported 17 new laboratory-confirmed human cases of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection to WHO, including 5 deaths [table 2]. One additional case in a cluster was reported. The cluster included an 85 year old female from Zhejiang Province. She had onset of symptoms on 1 Mar 2016 and passed away on 8 Mar 2016. She had been admitted to the same hospital and shared the ward with a confirmed case between 22 and 23 Feb 2016. She was not exposed to live poultry or live poultry market, according to her relatives. The confirmed case admitted to the same ward was a 29 year old male from Zhejiang Province who developed symptoms on 15 Feb 2016. He had exposure to a live poultry market and a household contact that was also a confirmed case. The household contact (from Fujian Province) developed symptoms on 4 Feb 2016 and had exposure to a live poultry market. Human to human transmission between the 29 year old male and the 85 year old female is likely considering the virological information obtained thus far. Additionally, one laboratory-confirmed case of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection was reported to WHO from Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) (table 2).
A total of 770 laboratory-confirmed cases of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) viruses, including at least 306 deaths, have been reported to WHO (figure 1). According to reports received by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) on surveillance activities for avian influenza A(H7N9) viruses in China, positives among virological samples continue to be detected mainly from live bird markets, vendors, and some commercial or breeding farms.
Risk assessment
---------------
1. What is the likelihood that additional human cases of infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) viruses will occur?
Most human cases are exposed to the A(H7N9) virus through contact with infected poultry or contaminated environments, including live poultry markets. Since the virus continues to be detected in animals and environments, further human cases can be expected.
2. What is the likelihood of human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A(H7N9) viruses?
Even though small clusters of cases have been reported, including those involving healthcare workers, current epidemiological and virological evidence suggests that this virus has not acquired the ability of sustained transmission among humans, thus the likelihood is low.
3. What is the risk of international spread of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus by travellers?
Should infected individuals from affected areas travel internationally, their infection may be detected in another country during travel or after arrival. If this were to occur, further community level spread is considered unlikely as this virus has not acquired the ability to transmit easily among humans.
Egypt: avian influenza A(H9)
----------------------------
One human infection with avian influenza A(H9) virus was reported from Egypt. The case is an 18 month old male from Cairo Governorate who developed influenza-like illness on 10 Apr 2016. On 20 Apr 2016, a sample from this patient tested positive for an influenza A(H9) virus. The patient is reportedly in good condition and the epidemiological investigation revealed the case had exposure to live poultry at a market in the 2 weeks prior to onset of illness. While infection with influenza A(H9N2) is likely in this case, laboratory confirmation of the neuraminidase type is anticipated.
A total of 28 laboratory-confirmed, non-fatal cases of human infection with avian influenza A(H9N2) viruses have been detected globally in the past. In most human cases, the associated disease symptoms have been mild and there has been no evidence of human-to-human transmission. Influenza A(H9N2) viruses are enzootic in poultry populations in parts of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. The majority of viruses that have been sequenced belong to the A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/97 (G1), A/chicken/Beijing/1/ 94 (Y280/G9), or Eurasian clades.
Risk assessment
---------------
1. What is the likelihood that additional human cases of infection with avian influenza A(H9N2) viruses will occur?
Most human cases are exposed to the A(H9N2) virus through contact with infected poultry or contaminated environments. Human infection tends to result in mild clinical illness. Since the virus continues to be detected in poultry populations, further human cases can be expected.
2. What is the likelihood of human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A(H9N2) viruses?
No case clusters have been reported. Current epidemiological and virological evidence suggests that this virus has not acquired the ability of sustained transmission among humans, thus the likelihood is low.
3. What is the risk of international spread of avian influenza A(H9N2) virus by travellers?
Should infected individuals from affected areas travel internationally, their infection may be detected in another country during travel or after arrival. If this were to occur, further community level spread is considered unlikely as this virus has not acquired the ability to transmit easily among humans.
Overall risk management recommendations
---------------------------------------
- WHO does not advise special traveller screening at points of entry or restrictions with regard to the current situation of influenza viruses at the human-animal interface. For recommendations on safe trade in animals from countries affected by these influenza viruses, refer to OIE guidance.
- WHO advises that travellers to countries with known outbreaks of animal influenza should avoid farms, contact with animals in live animal markets, entering areas where animals may be slaughtered, or contact with any surfaces that appear to be contaminated with animal faeces. Travellers should also wash their hands often with soap and water. Travellers should follow good food safety and good food hygiene practices.
- Due to the constantly evolving nature of influenza viruses, WHO continues to stress the importance of global surveillance to detect virological, epidemiological and clinical changes associated with circulating influenza viruses that may affect human (or animal) health.
Continued vigilance is needed within affected and neighbouring areas to detect infections in animals and humans. As the extent of virus circulation in animals is not clear, epidemiological and virological surveillance and the follow-up of suspected human cases should remain high.
- All human infections caused by a new influenza subtype are notifiable under the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005).9 State Parties to the IHR (2005) are required to immediately notify WHO of any laboratory-confirmed case of a recent human infection caused by an influenza A virus with the potential to cause a pandemic. Evidence of illness is not required for this report.
- It is critical that influenza viruses from animals and people are fully characterized in appropriate animal or human health influenza reference laboratories and reported according to international standards. Under WHO's Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP) Framework, member states are expected to share their influenza viruses with pandemic potential on a regular and timely basis with the Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS), a WHO-coordinated network of public health laboratories. The viruses are used by the public health laboratories to assess the risk of pandemic influenza and to develop candidate vaccine viruses.
--
communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[The report also includes useful links to additional information:
- WHO human-animal interface web page
http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/en/
- cumulative number of confirmed human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) reported to WHO
http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/H5N1_cumulative_table_archives/en/
- avian influenza A(H7N9) information:
http://who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/influenza_h7n9/en/index.html
- WHO avian influenza food safety issues
http://www.who.int/foodsafety/areas_work/zoonose/avian/en/
- World Organisation of Animal Health (OIE) web page: web portal on avian influenza
http://www.oie.int/animal-health-in-the-world/web-portal-on-avian-influenza/
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) webpage: Avian Influenza
http://www.fao.org/avianflu/en/index.html
- OFFLU [joint OIE-FAO global network of expertise on animal influenzas]
http://www.offlu.net/index.html
The evolutionary changes in the non human influenza viruses must be continuously monitored for emergence of potential pandemic strains. - Mod.UBA
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at: http://healthmap.org/promed/p/55.]
See Also
Avian influenza, human (44): China, H7N9, WHO 20160518.4228384Avian influenza, human (43): China, H5N6, mutations, WHO 20160507.4205906
Avian influenza, human (41): China (HN) H5N6 20160428.4186019
Avian influenza, human (40): China (HU) H5N6 20160423.4178977
Avian influenza, human (34): China, H5N6, H7N9, WHO 20160325.4118113
Avian influenza, human (12): China (GD) H5N6 20160118.3946852
Avian influenza, human (11): China (SC) H5N1 20160114.3936791
Avian influenza, human (07): China (GD) H5N6 20160111.3927489
Avian influenza, human (05): China (GD) H5N6 20160108.3921314
Avian influenza, human (04): China (GD) H5N6 20160106.3915832
Avian influenza, human (03): Egypt (BA) H5N1 20160106.3915791
Avian influenza, human (02): China (GD) H5N6 20160105.3911192
2015
---
Avian influenza, human (133): WHO assessment human-animal interface 20151220.3881202
Avian influenza, human (118): CDC H5 virus risk assessment 20150731.3548675
Avian influenza, human (115): human-animal interface, SA status comments 20150718.3520025
Avian influenza, human (107): WHO assessment 20150521.3376485
- 23 May 2016 Avian influenza, human (45): WHO, human-animal interface
- 23 May 2016 Toxic algae - UK: (LS) blue-green, canine, fatal
- 23 May 2016 Equine infectious anemia - USA (04): (PA)
- 22 May 2016 Ebola update (41): update, funding
- 22 May 2016 Yellow fever - Africa (57): WHO
- 22 May 2016 Spotted fever - USA: (AZ) Rickettsia parkeri, Amblyomma triste (tick vector)
- 22 May 2016 Mumps - USA (12): (WI,NE,MA)
- 22 May 2016 Measles update (19): Ireland (LK), Australia (TS)
- 22 May 2016 Hand, foot & mouth disease - China (02): (HK)
- 21 May 2016 California serogroup virus - USA: (TX) RFI
- 21 May 2016 Undiagnosed lethal disease, camel - Pakistan (02): resp, prelim results, RFI
- 21 May 2016 Leishmaniasis, cutaneous - Pakistan (04): (NW) EpiCore responses
- 21 May 2016 White nose syndrome, bats - North America (08): (GA)
- 21 May 2016 Malaria - Congo DR: (HU)
- 21 May 2016 Influenza (23): seasonal, WHO global update, USA (TN) unusual local surge
- 21 May 2016 Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Pakistan (03): (NW) fatal
- 21 May 2016 Rabies, animal, human (04): Thailand (SP)
- 20 May 2016 Hantavirus update - Americas (28): USA (CO), Chile (BI)
- 20 May 2016 Toxic algae - USA: (FL) water
- 20 May 2016 Lumpy skin disease - Europe (03): FYR Macedonia, bovine, OIE follow-up
- 20 May 2016 Salmonellosis, multiple serotypes - USA: pet turtles
- 20 May 2016 Brucellosis, transmission dynamics - USA: (WY) elk, bison, cattle
- 20 May 2016 Mercury, cyanide poisoning - Sudan: (SK) livestock
- 20 May 2016 Syphilis - Europe: rising incidence, MSM, 2010-2014
- 20 May 2016 Legionellosis - Australia (04): (NS) fatal, cooling towers susp
- 20 May 2016 Lassa fever virus - West Africa (29): Nigeria, Liberia
- 19 May 2016 Undiagnosed hemorrhagic illness - South Sudan
- 19 May 2016 Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (03): (FL) equine
- 19 May 2016 Influenza, canine - USA (04): (IL)
- 19 May 2016 Bovine tuberculosis - USA (03): (MI)
- 19 May 2016 Avian vacuolar myelinopathy - USA: (FL)
- 19 May 2016 Lead, water - USA (07): (MA) schools
- 19 May 2016 Undiagnosed lethal disease, camel - Pakistan: RFI
- 19 May 2016 Varicella (03): USA (New York City), India (New Delhi)
- 19 May 2016 Measles update (18): Bahrain, Italy
- 19 May 2016 Undiagnosed illness, death, human - Congo: (NK) beef susp., RFI
- 19 May 2016 Dengue/DHF update (15): Asia, Pacific
- 19 May 2016 Pneumonia, ovine - USA (05): (CA) bighorn sheep
- 18 May 2016 Yellow fever - Africa (56): WHO, Uganda
- 18 May 2016 Human enterovirus - Taiwan, update
- 18 May 2016 Anthrax - Bangladesh (03): (RS) human, bovine, more cases
- 18 May 2016 Vibrio species gastroenteritis - Nepal: (Kathmandu) RFI
- 18 May 2016 Leishmaniasis, cutaneous - Pakistan: (03): (NW)
- 18 May 2016 Hepatitis A - Taiwan: increased MSM incidence
- 18 May 2016 Avian influenza (44): Cambodia (KP) poultry, HPAI H5N1
- 18 May 2016 Avian influenza, human (44): China, H7N9, WHO
- 18 May 2016 Mumps - Canada: (BC)
- 17 May 2016 Rabbit hemorrhagic disease - Finland: wild rabbits, 1st report, OIE
- 17 May 2016 Hantavirus update - Americas (27): USA (MT, NM)
- 17 May 2016 Avian influenza (43): Cambodia (KP) poultry, HPAI H5N1, OIE
- 17 May 2016 Anthrax - Bangladesh (02): (RS) human, bovine, more cases
- 17 May 2016 Salmonellosis, st. Enteritidis - USA: (MN, VA) packaged kale salad, alert, recall
- 17 May 2016 Cholera, diarrhea & dysentery update (20): Africa, Asia
- 17 May 2016 Hepatitis - India (04): waterborne
- 17 May 2016 Measles update (17): New Zealand (WK) Australia (Tasmania) UK (London)
- 17 May 2016 Syphilis & gonococcal disease - Australia: (QL) incr. cases, MSM, condom use
- 16 May 2016 Laurel wilt, avocado - USA: (FL)
- 16 May 2016 Hand, foot & mouth disease - Viet Nam: (HC)
- 16 May 2016 Septoria blotch, wheat - UK: SDHI resistance
- 16 May 2016 Hantavirus update - Americas (26): Argentina (BA)
- 16 May 2016 White nose syndrome, bats - North America (07): (WI) new counties
- 16 May 2016 Tuberculosis - Spain: (Castilla y León) school, RFI
- 16 May 2016 Oropouche virus - Peru: (CS)
- 16 May 2016 Skin infections - USA: (AL) children, lake water exposure, susp
- 15 May 2016 MERS-CoV (57): Saudi Arabia
- 15 May 2016 Influenza, swine-origin: USA (MN) human case, H1N2v
- 15 May 2016 Mycobacterium mungi, mongoose: new route of TB transmission
- 15 May 2016 Meningitis, meningococcal - Australia (02): (SA) sg. B
- 15 May 2016 Mucormycosis - USA: (PA) nosoc., transpl. recipients, neg.-pressure rms, 2014-15
- 14 May 2016 Ebola update (40): Liberia, Sierra Leone, research, vaccines
- 14 May 2016 Sindbis and Inkoo viruses - Sweden
- 14 May 2016 Equine herpesvirus - North America (19): USA (WI)
- 14 May 2016 Anthrax - India (15): (OR) elephant, susp
- 14 May 2016 Anthrax - Bangladesh: (RS) human, bovine
- 14 May 2016 Yellow fever - Africa (55): WHO
- 14 May 2016 Fibropapillomatosis, turtle - USA: (FL) pollution link susp
- 14 May 2016 Measles update (16): USA (MA), Ireland (KY,DN)
- 14 May 2016 Lumpy skin disease - Europe (02): Greece, bovine, reemerging, epidemiology
- 13 May 2016 Hantavirus update - Americas (25): Argentina (BA), USA
- 13 May 2016 Meningitis, meningococcal - Australia: (SA) RFI
- 13 May 2016 Meningitis, meningococcal - Europe: fatal, MSM, new sexually transmitted strain
- 13 May 2016 Equine herpesvirus - North America (18): USA (NY)
- 13 May 2016 Poliomyelitis update (07): Nigeria cVDPV environmental sample, EpiCore responses
- 13 May 2016 African swine fever - Europe (03): Ukraine (KM) swine, OIE
- 13 May 2016 Undiagnosed illness, pinniped - Bering Sea: ribbon seal, continues
- 13 May 2016 Gastroenteritis - Canada: (AB)
- 13 May 2016 Measles update (15): Mongolia
- 13 May 2016 Red tide - Chile (02): salmon
- 13 May 2016 Varicella - USA (02): (MI)
- 13 May 2016 Avian influenza (42): India (KA) HPAI H5N1, poultry, OIE
- 13 May 2016 Undiagnosed rash outbreak - Dominican Republic (02): (AL) comment
- 13 May 2016 Hemorrhagic septicemia - Kazakhstan (02): (AT) bovine, OIE
- 12 May 2016 Undiagnosed disease, cassava - Nigeria: (RI)
- 12 May 2016 Foot & mouth disease - Namibia: (OW) susp, denied
- 12 May 2016 Yellow fever - Africa (54): Angola
- 12 May 2016 Malaria: Live Attenuated Vaccine Provides Protection
- 12 May 2016 Poliomyelitis update (06): Nigeria cVDPV environmental sample, global, RFI
- 12 May 2016 Measles update (14): Sudan, South Sudan, USA (TN)
- 11 May 2016 Influenza, canine - USA (03): (IL)
- 11 May 2016 Anthrax - Kenya (02): (MU) human, bovine
- 11 May 2016 Peste des petits ruminants - worldwide: FAO/OIE control campaign
- 11 May 2016 Rabies, animal, human (03): Africa, Asia, update
- 11 May 2016 Rabies, zoo animals - India: (Delhi) mongoose bites susp
- 11 May 2016 Undiagnosed rash outbreak - Dominican Republic: (AL) itchy rash, children, RFI
- 11 May 2016 Varicella (02): Caribbean (Turks & Caicos Islands)
- 11 May 2016 Zika virus (27): Americas, Asia, Europe
- 10 May 2016 Strangles, equine - Canada: (NS)
- 10 May 2016 Foot & mouth disease - Angola: (CC) bovine, st. pending, OIE
- 10 May 2016 Norovirus (02): cruise ship UK to USA, USA to Cuba, Disney line
- 10 May 2016 Squirrel leprosy, red squirrel - UK: (Scotland, England)
- 10 May 2016 Conjunctivitis, viral - Angola (LU) Tonga (TT)
- 10 May 2016 Hepatitis C - Israel: (Jerusalem) nosocomial
- 10 May 2016 Anthrax - USA (02): (TX) bovine
- 10 May 2016 Yellow fever - Africa (53): vaccine
- 10 May 2016 Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus - Germany
- 09 May 2016 Dickeya blackleg, potato - North America: emerging disease
- 09 May 2016 Lumpy skin disease - Bulgaria (07): bovine, spread, international impact
- 09 May 2016 Anthrax - India (14): (OR)
- 09 May 2016 Anthrax - India (13): (AP) human, bovine, outbreak conf
- 09 May 2016 Avian influenza (41): India (KA) HPAI H5N1, poultry
- 09 May 2016 White nose syndrome, bats - North America (06): (RI) 1st rep
- 09 May 2016 Dengue/DHF update (14): Asia
- 09 May 2016 Yellow fever - Americas (06): Brazil (SP) clarification
- 09 May 2016 Potato spindle tuber viroid, capsicum - Switzerland: 1st rep (AG,ZH)
- 08 May 2016 Foodborne illness - Pakistan (02): (PB) milk soda
- 08 May 2016 Foot & mouth disease, bovine - Cambodia: (KT)
- 08 May 2016 Ebola update (39): Guinea persistence in semen, Liberia, research, vaccine
- 08 May 2016 Adenovirus - China: (Hong Kong) respiratory disease, kindergarten
- 07 May 2016 Syphilis, gonococcal disease - Canada: (AB) inc. cases, MSM, smartphone apps
- 07 May 2016 Cryptosporidiosis - UK (02): (England) petting farm
- 07 May 2016 Yellow fever - Americas (05): Brazil (SP)
- 07 May 2016 Dengue/DHF update (13): Australia (QL) sylvatic, 2015
- 07 May 2016 Avian influenza, human (43): China, H5N6, mutations, WHO
- 07 May 2016 Measles update (13): Macedonia, New Zealand (WK), UK
- 07 May 2016 Pesticide poisoning - Pakistan (02): (PB) fatal, sweets, conf, RFI
- 06 May 2016 Madariaga virus - Panama
- 06 May 2016 Rift Valley fever - France ex Mali, 2015
- 06 May 2016 Yellow fever - Africa (52): WHO
- 06 May 2016 Bluetongue - Botswana: (SO) st pending, ovine, OIE
- 06 May 2016 Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning - USA: (WA)
- 06 May 2016 Antibiotic-resistant Enterobacteriaceae - USA (04): (CA) ERCP, Pseudomonas, 2015
- 06 May 2016 Post bloom fruit drop, citrus - USA: (FL)
- 06 May 2016 Yellow fever - Africa (51): Uganda, RFI
- 05 May 2016 Avian influenza (40): Italy (ER) poultry, HPAI H7N7, assessment
- 05 May 2016 Hand, foot & mouth disease - USA (04): (CA)
- 05 May 2016 Hand, foot & mouth disease - Singapore
- 05 May 2016 Foodborne illness - Singapore: hotel, durian pastries, RFI
- 05 May 2016 Hepatitis - India (03): (MH) maternal deaths
- 05 May 2016 Listeriosis - USA, Canada (05): fatal, frozen org & trad fruit/veg, exp recall
- 05 May 2016 Meningitis, meningococcal - USA: (NJ) college, sg. B
- 05 May 2016 Cryptosporidiosis - Canada (02): (QC) 1st rep, comment
- 05 May 2016 Anthrax - India (12): (AP) human, bovine, patients self-discharge
- 05 May 2016 Elizabethkingia anophelis - USA (16): (WI) fatal, community acquired
- 05 May 2016 Salmonellosis - Sweden (02): sausage, ground meat, alert, recall
- 05 May 2016 Salmonellosis - USA (09): (MI) live poultry, multiple serotypes
- 05 May 2016 Foodborne illness - Pakistan: (PB) milk soda, RFI
- 05 May 2016 Undiagnosed renal disease, men - multicountry: update
- 05 May 2016 Clenbuterol, meat - USA: football players
- 05 May 2016 Fusarium wilt, cashew - Tanzania: (PW)
- 05 May 2016 E. coli EHEC - Israel (02): (HD) 1st rep, kibbutz nursery, petting zoo susp
- 04 May 2016 Zika virus (26): Americas, Asia, Europe, Indian Ocean
- 04 May 2016 African horse sickness - South Africa (03): (WC) st 1, spread
- 04 May 2016 Pertussis - USA (03): (CA) fatal
- 04 May 2016 Anthrax - India (11): (AP) human, bovine, new cases
- 04 May 2016 Anthrax - Kenya: foiled anthrax attack, susp ISIS
- 04 May 2016 Listeriosis - USA (03): fatal, frozen org. & trad. fruits and vegetables, recall
- 04 May 2016 Measles update (12): USA (MS) spread from USA (TN), New Zealand (WK)
- 04 May 2016 Avian influenza, human (42): China, H7N9, WHO
- 04 May 2016 Hantavirus update - Americas (24): Chile (BI)
- 04 May 2016 Influenza (22): Nepal (HU)
- 04 May 2016 Influenza (21): seasonal, WHO global update
- 03 May 2016 Yellow fever - Africa (50): Uganda, WHO
- 03 May 2016 Salmonellosis - Sweden: suspected sausage, alert, recall, RFI
- 03 May 2016 Epizootic ulcerative syndrome, fish - South Africa: (WC) OIE
- 03 May 2016 Cutaneous & renal glomerular vasculopathy, canine - UK: (England)
- 03 May 2016 Avian influenza (39): USA (MO) poultry, LPAI H5N1, OIE
- 03 May 2016 Syphilis - Canada & USA: Bicillin shortage
- 03 May 2016 Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Oman (02): (SN) Ibra, Fatal
- 03 May 2016 Cholera, diarrhea & dysentery update (19): Africa
- 03 May 2016 Antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella - South Africa: (NL) NICU
- 03 May 2016 MERS-CoV (56): Qatar, Saudi Arabia, WHO
- 02 May 2016 Undiagnosed disease, lychee - Bangladesh: (RS)
- 02 May 2016 Yellow fever - Africa (49): Congo DR, WHO
- 02 May 2016 Avian influenza (38): Italy (ER) poultry, HPAI H7N7, OIE
- 02 May 2016 Bovine tuberculosis - New Zealand: cattle, deer, possums
- 02 May 2016 Bovine tuberculosis - USA (02): (IN, PA)
- 02 May 2016 E. coli EHEC - Israel: petting zoo, RFI
- 02 May 2016 African horse sickness - South Africa (02): (WC) st 1, control measures
- 02 May 2016 Blast disease, wheat - Bangladesh: origin
- 02 May 2016 Syphilis & gonococcal dis. - Norway: incr. cases, MSM, heterosexuals, 2010-2015
- 01 May 2016 Varicella - USA: (MI)
- 01 May 2016 Measles update (11): UK, USA (TN)
- 01 May 2016 Salmonellosis - USA (08): FDA,contaminated raw retail meat & poultry, resistance
- 01 May 2016 Zika virus (25): Americas
- 01 May 2016 Syphilis - USA (06): (TX, AL) rising incidence
- 01 May 2016 Syphilis - Canada: (MB) increased incidence, Bicillin shortage
- 01 May 2016 Hemorrhagic septicemia, bovine - India (02): (NL) conf. controlled
- 01 May 2016 Drug abuse, synthetic drugs - USA: (CA)
- 01 May 2016 Ebola update (38): WHO sitrep. evolution rate, Liberia, Sierra Leone, research
No hay comentarios:
Publicar un comentario