- 25 May 2017 Botulism - USA (10): (CA) nacho cheese, type A toxin, unrelated 2nd death
- 25 May 2017 Poliomyelitis update (07): Mozambique, Congo DR, VDPV, RFI
- 24 May 2017 Tilapia syncytial hepatitis - Israel: (HZ) emerging disease, OIE
- 24 May 2017 Typhoid fever - Zambia: (LS)
- 24 May 2017 Rabies - Bolivia: (SC) human, fatal
- 24 May 2017 MERS-CoV (28): Qatar, Saudi Arabia (HA)
- 24 May 2017 Salmonellosis - Australia (02): (NSW) sandboxes, bandicoot droppings
- 24 May 2017 Cholera, diarrhea & dysentery update (35): Africa, Asia
- 24 May 2017 Febrile rhabdomyolysis - Italy (02): ex West Africa, commentary
- 24 May 2017 Typhoid fever - New Zealand (04): (MW)
- 24 May 2017 Vaccine-preventable diseases - Pakistan: (SD), varicella, measles, RFI
- 24 May 2017 Lumpy skin disease - Europe (05): FYR Macedonia, bovine, OIE
- 24 May 2017 Equine infectious anemia - USA (03): (CO)
- 24 May 2017 Ebola update (25): news, research, vaccine
- 24 May 2017 Varroosis, apis - France: (Reunion Island), 1st report, OIE
- 24 May 2017 European foulbrood, apis - Europe (02): Liechtenstein (BA) OIE
- 23 May 2017 Cholera, diarrhea & dysentery update (34): Asia (Yemen)
- 23 May 2017 Undiagnosed disease - Liberia (08): fatal, meningitis diagnosed
- 23 May 2017 Tick-borne encephalitis virus - Latvia (02): comment
- 23 May 2017 Febrile rhabdomyolysis - Italy: ex West Africa, RFI
- 23 May 2017 Typhoid fever - Syria: (HL)
- 23 May 2017 Hepatitis E - UK (02): EU pork products, commentary
- 23 May 2017 Avian influenza, human (53): CHINA, H7N9
- 23 May 2017 Hepatitis C - USA (08): (TN) pregnant women, 2009-2014
- 23 May 2017 Hepatitis C - USA (07): injection drug use
- 23 May 2017 Cholera, diarrhea & dysentery update (33): Africa
- 23 May 2017 Botulism - USA (09): (CA) gas station food, nacho cheese conf, fatal
- 23 May 2017 Crayfish plague - Ireland: white-clawed crayfish
- 23 May 2017 Avian influenza (103): Libya (JG) poultry, LPAI H7, OIE
- 23 May 2017 Lyme disease - USA (03): (WV) canine
- 23 May 2017 Measles update (28)
- 22 May 2017 Undiagnosed disease - Angola: (HL) fatalities, RFI
- 22 May 2017 Sheep pox & goat pox - Egypt: (WJ) ovine, 1st rep, OIE
- 22 May 2017 Tick-borne encephalitis virus - Latvia
- 22 May 2017 Antibiotic resistance (03): USA (TX) MDR K. pneumoniae, CG307 predominant clone
- 22 May 2017 Hepatitis E - UK: EU pork products
- 22 May 2017 West Nile virus - Americas: USA (MI)
- 22 May 2017 Rotavirus - UK: (England) hospital outbreak
- 22 May 2017 Cholera, diarrhea & dysentery update (32): Asia (Yemen)
- 22 May 2017 Chikungunya (18): Asia (Pakistan)
- 21 May 2017 Hantavirus - Americas (32): Chile (LL)
- 21 May 2017 Undiagnosed illness - Zimbabwe: (MN) RFI
- 21 May 2017 Undiagnosed deaths, bovine, caprine - India: (GJ)castor plant poisoning susp,RFI
- 21 May 2017 Porcine epidemic diarrhea - North America: Canada (MB)
- 21 May 2017 Ebola update (24): news, research, vaccine
- 21 May 2017 Lyme disease - USA (02): (WV) canine
- 20 May 2017 Phosphine gas poisoning - Spain: (Burgos) fatalities
- 20 May 2017 Avian influenza (102): Congo DR (IT), poultry, HPAI, RFI
- 20 May 2017 Hepatitis A - UK (03): (Scotland) bakery
- 20 May 2017 Trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) - Brazil: under reported
- 20 May 2017 Cryptosporidiosis - USA (02)
- 20 May 2017 E. coli EHEC - Canada (10): (BC) O121, flour
- 20 May 2017 Candida auris - USA (04): nosocomial, epidemiology, drug resistance
- 20 May 2017 Hand, foot & mouth disease update (04): Australia (VI)
- 20 May 2017 Mumps update (18): USA
- 20 May 2017 Cholera, diarrhea & dysentery update (31): Africa
- 19 May 2017 MERS-CoV (27): Saudi Arabia (RI,AS,QS) nosocomial transmission
- 19 May 2017 Hantavirus - Americas (31): Panama (LS)
- 19 May 2017 Pertussis (04): Canada, USA
- 19 May 2017 Meningitis, meningococcal - Niger: fatal
- 19 May 2017 Varicella - Pakistan (03): (PB) RFI
- 19 May 2017 Norovirus - Spain: (CT) hospital staff
- 19 May 2017 Anthrax - Switzerland (03): (JU) second bovine
- 19 May 2017 Botulism - USA (08): (CA) gas station food, nacho cheese
- 19 May 2017 Malaria - South Africa (04): (LP, MP) Kruger National Park
- 19 May 2017 Cholera, diarrhea & dysentery update (30): Asia (Yemen)
- 19 May 2017 Trypanosomiasis - The Netherlands (02): ex Tanzania, comment
- 19 May 2017 Undiagnosed die-off, fish - USA (03): (CA) shark, update
- 19 May 2017 Ebola update (23): DRC, news, vaccine
- 18 May 2017 Foot & mouth disease - Jordan (02): livestock, st. O, genotype O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d
- 18 May 2017 Marteilia refringens - United Kingdom: (Northern Ireland) mussels, 1st rep, OIE
- 18 May 2017 Chikungunya (17): Asia (Bangladesh)
- 18 May 2017 Ebola update (22): WHO sit rep, news, research, vaccine
- 18 May 2017 Trypanosomiasis - The Netherlands: ex Tanzania
- 17 May 2017 Venomous snake bites - Nepal: (Kathmandu) incidence increase
- 17 May 2017 Zika virus (09): Americas, Asia, Europe, research, observations
- 17 May 2017 Whirling disease - Canada: (AB) fish removal
- 17 May 2017 Cholera, diarrhea & dysentery update (29): Asia (Yemen)
- 17 May 2017 Anthrax - Niger: (TL) livestock, OIE
- 17 May 2017 Varicella - Pakistan (02): (PB)
- 17 May 2017 Hepatitis C - Taiwan: nosocomial, reused needles
- 17 May 2017 Hepatitis E - France (03): rabbit source
- 17 May 2017 Ebola update (21): Congo DR, Nigeria, news, research, vaccine
- 17 May 2017 Anthrax - Kenya (05): (KB) human recovery
- 17 May 2017 Avian influenza, human (52): CHINA, H7N9
- 17 May 2017 African swine fever - Europe (09): Ukraine (CK, PL) domestic swine, spread
- 17 May 2017 Kyasanur Forest disease - India (10): (MH), update
- 17 May 2017 Chronic wasting disease, cervid - USA (05): (PA)
- 17 May 2017 Blight, sweet chestnut - Germany: (BY)
- 17 May 2017 Cholera, diarrhea & dysentery update (28): Africa (Horn of Africa)
- 16 May 2017 European foulbrood, apis - Europe: Liechtenstein (SN) OIE
- 16 May 2017 Cutaneous & renal glomerular vasculopathy, canine - UK (05): England, spread
- 16 May 2017 Yellow fever - Americas (46): Brazil, virus mutations
- 16 May 2017 Foot & mouth disease - Palestinian Auth (03): (WE) bovine,ovine, st pending, OIE
- 16 May 2017 Measles update (27)
- 16 May 2017 Pepino mosaic virus, tomato - UK
- 15 May 2017 Leaf rust, coffee - Honduras: new strain susp.
- 15 May 2017 Anisakiasis - Portugal: raw fish dishes
- 15 May 2017 Ebola update (20): Congo DR, news, vaccine, update
- 15 May 2017 Avian influenza (101): South Korea, poultry, HPAI H5N8, OIE
- 15 May 2017 Chikungunya (16): Asia (Bangladesh)
- 15 May 2017 Kyasanur Forest disease - India (09): (GA) susp. fatal case
- 15 May 2017 Cholera, diarrhea & dysentery update (27): Asia (Yemen)
- 15 May 2017 Powassan virus encephalitis - USA (03): (NH) Alert
- 15 May 2017 Hepatitis A - Spain: (MD) MSM
- 14 May 2017 Anthrax - Kenya (04): (KB) official response
- 14 May 2017 Ebola update (19): Congo DR, Nigeria preparedness
- 14 May 2017 Angiostrongylus cantonensis - USA (03): (HI)
- 14 May 2017 MERS-COV (26): Saudi Arabia, EMRO update, RFI
- 14 May 2017 Cholera, diarrhea & dysentery update (26): Asia (Yemen)
- 14 May 2017 Avian influenza, human (51): China, H7N9
- 13 May 2017 Kunjin virus - Australia: (WA)
- 13 May 2017 Scrub typhus - Australia: (NT) national park, tourists
- 13 May 2017 Hepatitis C - USA (06): injection drug use, state policies
- 13 May 2017 Yellow fever - Americas (45): Brazil
- 13 May 2017 Cholera, diarrhea & dysentery update (25): Asia (Yemen)
- 13 May 2017 Avian influenza (100): Russia (TT) poultry, H5, RFI
- 13 May 2017 Norovirus - USA (04): (CA)
- 13 May 2017 Legionellosis - Australia (02): (VI, SA)
- 13 May 2017 Ebola update (18): Congo DR, vaccine
- 13 May 2017 Lassa fever - West Africa (17): Nigeria
- 13 May 2017 BSE, bovine - Spain (02): (CB) atypical L-type, OIE
- 13 May 2017 Hantavirus - Americas (30): Chile (LG, AR), USA (WA, CO)
- 12 May 2017 Poliomyelitis update (06): Syria (DY), cVDPV susp
- 12 May 2017 Equine infectious anemia, equine herpesvirus - USA: (CO) equine
- 12 May 2017 Meningitis, meningococcal - Nigeria (08): fatal, sg C
- 12 May 2017 Anthrax - Kenya (03): (KB) bovine, human
- 12 May 2017 Tularemia - Australia: (NS) possum
- 12 May 2017 Salmonellosis - USA (03): (MT) live poultry
- 12 May 2017 Clostridium perfringens foodborne illness - USA: (IN) restaurant, fatal, 2016
- 12 May 2017 Botulism - USA (07): (CA) gas station food, nacho cheese
- 12 May 2017 Hepatitis A - USA (06): (CO) MSM
- 12 May 2017 Ebola update (17): Congo DR, vaccine, research
- 12 May 2017 Brucellosis - Israel: camel milk, unpasteurized, melitensis, human, update
- 12 May 2017 Coccidioidomycosis - USA (02): (CA) increased cases
- 12 May 2017 Measles update (26)
- 11 May 2017 Foot & mouth disease - Tunisia (02): (BZ) bovine, serotype A, vaccination, OIE
- 11 May 2017 Foot & mouth disease - Israel (02): bovine, st A, Palestinian Auth, st pending
- 11 May 2017 Announcements (03): ProMED-MENA seeks infectious disease moderator
- 11 May 2017 Hepatitis A - USA (05): (CA) fatal
- 11 May 2017 Bird die-off, murre - USA: (AK) delayed recovery
- 11 May 2017 E. coli EHEC - USA (11): O157, deer droppings, water exposure, 2016
- 11 May 2017 Lumpy skin disease - Europe (04): Russia, vaccine
- 11 May 2017 Anthrax - Zimbabwe (06): (MN) human, wildlife
- 11 May 2017 Scombroid fish poisoning - Europe: spanish tuna, alert, recall
- 11 May 2017 Hepatitis C - India (02): (PB) thalassemia patients
- 11 May 2017 Chikungunya (15): Asia (Pakistan)
- 11 May 2017 Anthrax - Switzerland (02): (JU) bovine
- 10 May 2017 Meningitis, meningococcal - Nigeria (07): fatal, sg. C
- 10 May 2017 TB, MDR: Russia, India, Philippines, S. Africa, primary, predicted incidence
- 10 May 2017 Hepatitis D - USA
- 10 May 2017 Cholera, diarrhea & dysentery update (24): Africa, Asia
- 10 May 2017 Hepatitis A - Portugal (02): MSM
- 10 May 2017 Equine infectious anemia - USA (02): (CO)
- 09 May 2017 Cholera, diarrhea & dysentery update (23): Asia (Yemen)
- 09 May 2017 Anthrax - Guinea: (KB) human, bovine, susp
- 09 May 2017 Botulism - Germany: imported salted fish, alert, recall
- 09 May 2017 Avian influenza, human (50): CHINA, H7N9
- 09 May 2017 Foot & mouth disease - Israel: (HZ) bovine, st pending, OIE
- 09 May 2017 Winter tick - Canada, USA: expanding distribution
- 09 May 2017 Undiagnosed disease - Liberia (07): fatal, meningitis
- 09 May 2017 Undiagnosed fungus, mango - Bangladesh: (RP)
- 09 May 2017 Bacterial black rot, cabbage - USA: (TX)
- 08 May 2017 Guava rust, myrtaceous hosts - New Zealand (02): mainland
- 08 May 2017 Anthrax - Kenya (02): UK (Wales) link arrested
- 08 May 2017 Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus - Australia (02): (QL)
- 08 May 2017 Undiagnosed die-off, fish - USA (02): (CA) shark, RFI
- 08 May 2017 Anthrax - Switzerland: (JU) bovine
- 08 May 2017 Avian influenza (99): UK (England) poultry, backyard, HPAI H5N8, OIE
- 08 May 2017 Influenza (11): USA (Texas), H3N2v
- 08 May 2017 Foodborne illness - France (02): (ND) schoolchildren, cheese
- 08 May 2017 Porcine reprod. & resp. syndrome - Ecuador: (SD) first report, OIE
- 08 May 2017 Botulism - USA (06): (CA) gas station food, RFI
- 08 May 2017 Cholera, diarrhea & dysentery update (22): Asia
- 08 May 2017 Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Pakistan (05): (BA)
- 08 May 2017 Leishmaniasis - Pakistan (02): (NW)
- 08 May 2017 Rabies (21): Americas (USA, Mexico)
- 07 May 2017 Measles update (25)
- 07 May 2017 Chikungunya (14): Asia (Pakistan)
- 07 May 2017 Syphilis, gonococcal disease, chlamydia: USA, Argentina
- 07 May 2017 Cutaneous & renal glomerular vasculopathy, canine - UK (04): (England) spread
- 07 May 2017 New in IJID (05): May 2017
- 07 May 2017 Parvovirus, new strain - Australia (02): (SA, VI) CPV-2C
- 07 May 2017 Botulism - USA (05): deer antler herbal tea, FDA recall
- 06 May 2017 Hepatitis E - Niger (03): (DF) fatal, pregnant women
- 06 May 2017 Hepatitis A - USA (04): (CA) fatal, RFI
- 06 May 2017 Spring viremia of carp - UK (02): (England), genotype D, European strain, OIE
- 06 May 2017 Avian influenza (98): China, HPAI H7N9, poultry, spread, control
- 06 May 2017 Parvovirus, new strain - Australia: (SA, VI) CPV-2C
- 06 May 2017 Plague - USA (05): (CO) feline, bubonic, alert: corr
- 06 May 2017 Pertussis (03): USA, Australia
- 06 May 2017 Cholera, diarrhea & dysentery update (21): Asia (Yemen)
- 06 May 2017 Avian influenza (97): UK (England) poultry, backyard, HPAI H5N8
- 06 May 2017 Poliomyelitis update (05): Syria (DY) susp, RFI
- 05 May 2017 Hepatitis A - UK (02): (Scotland) bakery
- 05 May 2017 Staph. aureus, (MRSA) - Canada: (QC) enterocolitis, antibiotic associated
- 05 May 2017 Tularemia - USA (04): (CO) wild rabbit
- 05 May 2017 Anthrax - Zimbabwe (05): (MN) wildlife
- 05 May 2017 Salmonellosis - Israel: human susp, RFI, poultry, eggs
- 05 May 2017 Cholera, diarrhea & dysentery update (20): Africa, Americas
- 05 May 2017 Strangles, equine - USA (02): (CO)
- 05 May 2017 Equine herpesvirus - North America (15): USA (CA) equine
- 05 May 2017 Texas cattle fever tick - USA: (TX) more quarantines, tick spread
- 05 May 2017 Plague - USA (05): (CO) feline, bubonic, alert
- 05 May 2017 Swollen shoot, cocoa - Ghana: replanting
- 05 May 2017 Ramularia leaf spot, barley - Germany: (southern) new strains
- 05 May 2017 Avian influenza (96): Mexico (JA) poultry, HPAI H7N3, OIE
- 05 May 2017 E. coli EHEC - USA (10): O157, soynut butter
- 05 May 2017 Rocky Mountain spotted fever - USA: (TN)
- 04 May 2017 Coccidioidomycosis - Brazil: (PE) possible new state, RFI
- 04 May 2017 Anthrax - Zimbabwe (04): (MN) wildlife
- 04 May 2017 Cholera, diarrhea & dysentery update (19): Africa
- 04 May 2017 Avian influenza, human (49): China, H7N9
- 04 May 2017 HIV - USA: (AZ) CRISPR
- 04 May 2017 Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Turkey: vaccine development
- 04 May 2017 Pantoea leaf blight, rice - Togo, Benin: 1st reps
- 04 May 2017 HIV - UK: (England) nosocomial risk, alert
- 04 May 2017 Porcine reprod. & resp. syndrome - India: (MZ)
- 03 May 2017 Undiagnosed disease - Liberia (06): (SI,MO) fatal
- 03 May 2017 Yellow fever - Americas (44): PAHO/WHO
- 03 May 2017 Die-off, farmed shrimp - Bangladesh: (KU) RFI
- 03 May 2017 Cholera, diarrhea & dysentery update (18): Americas (Haiti)
- 03 May 2017 Yellow fever - Americas (43): Brazil, monkey
- 03 May 2017 Hepatitis B & C - Pakistan: (Sindh)
- 03 May 2017 Dengue/DHF update (04): Americas
- 02 May 2017 Leishmaniasis, visceral - Colombia: (HU) alert
- 02 May 2017 Malaria - Angola
- 02 May 2017 Angiostrongylus cantonensis - USA (02): (HI)
- 02 May 2017 Tick-borne relapsing fever - USA: (TX) 2015
- 02 May 2017 African swine fever - Zambia (02): comment
- 02 May 2017 Toxic caterpillar - UK: (England)
- 02 May 2017 Asian greening, citrus - Mexico: (OA)
- 02 May 2017 Leptospirosis - Dominican Republic: fatal, cases rise
- 02 May 2017 Mumps (17): USA
- 02 May 2017 Hepatitis A - EU (02): MSM, clusters
- 02 May 2017 Undiagnosed disease - Liberia (05): (SI,MO) fatal
- 01 May 2017 Spring viremia of carp - UK: (England)
- 01 May 2017 Brucellosis, neotomae - Costa Rica
- 01 May 2017 Zika virus (08): Americas, Asia, research, observations
- 01 May 2017 Undiagnosed disease - Liberia (04): (SI) fatal MoH/WHO
- 01 May 2017 Foodborne illness - USA (02): CDC, 2013-2016
- 30 Apr 2017 Typhoid fever - Kenya: H58 haplotype, antimicrobial resistance
- 30 Apr 2017 Rocky Mountain spotted fever - Panama: fatalities
- 30 Apr 2017 Rocky Mountain spotted fever - Mexico: (CH) fatalities
- 30 Apr 2017 Candida auris - USA (03): (NY) fatality
- 30 Apr 2017 Hepatitis C - USA (05): (MN) injection drug use
- 30 Apr 2017 Wohlfahrtiimonas bacteremia - USA: (WA) myiasis
- 30 Apr 2017 Measles update (24)
- 30 Apr 2017 Poliomyelitis update (04): fractional IPV
- 29 Apr 2017 Zika virus (07): Americas, PAHO/WHO
- 29 Apr 2017 Hepatitis A - UK: (Scotland) bakery
- 29 Apr 2017 Powassan virus encephalitis - USA (02): (ME)
- 29 Apr 2017 Unpasteurized dairy - USA: infection risk, 2009-2014
- 29 Apr 2017 Avian influenza, human (48): China, H7N9
- 29 Apr 2017 Botulism - USA (04): (CA) deer antler tea
- 29 Apr 2017 Antibiotic resistance - USA: (CA) MDR-Acinetobacter, bacteriophage therapy
- 29 Apr 2017 Candida auris - USA (02): (IL, NY)
- 29 Apr 2017 Tularemia - USA (03): increased northern spread, 1965-2013
- 29 Apr 2017 Undiagnosed disease - Liberia (03): (SI) fatal
- 29 Apr 2017 Pentobarbital, dog food - USA (04): recall
- 29 Apr 2017 Chikungunya (13): Asia (Pakistan)
- 28 Apr 2017 Dermatobia hominis - China ex Brazil: returning tourist
- 28 Apr 2017 Foot & mouth disease - Tunisia: (BZ) bovine, serotype A, OIE
- 28 Apr 2017 Yellow fever - Americas (42): USA vaccine
- 28 Apr 2017 MERS-CoV (25): Saudi Arabia, Qatar, WHO
- 28 Apr 2017 Diphtheria - New Zealand: (OT) NOT, corr
- 28 Apr 2017 Hepatitis C - USA (04): (MA) injecting drug use
- 28 Apr 2017 Tetanus - Australia (02): (SA) child
- 28 Apr 2017 Cholera, diarrhea & dysentery update (17): Americas (Haiti)
- 28 Apr 2017 Avian influenza (95): Turkey (TT) poultry, HPAI susp, RFI
- 28 Apr 2017 Brown recluse spider - USA: (MI) nonstandard location
- 28 Apr 2017 Lumpy skin disease - Europe (03): bovine, data collection & analysis, vaccination
- 28 Apr 2017 Foodborne illness - France: (ND) schoolchildren
- 28 Apr 2017 Diphtheria - India (02): (KL) fatality, commentaries
- 28 Apr 2017 Hepatitis - Syria: (DR) RFI
- 28 Apr 2017 Ebola update (16): news, research, vaccines, funding
- 28 Apr 2017 Bovine tuberculosis - USA (08): (MI)
- 28 Apr 2017 Blast disease, rice - Bangladesh
- 28 Apr 2017 African swine fever - Zambia: (NR) OIE, RFI
- 27 Apr 2017 Diphtheria - New Zealand: (OT)
- 27 Apr 2017 Monkeypox - Sierra Leone: (SO)
- 27 Apr 2017 Undiagnosed disease - Liberia (02): (SI) fatal
- 27 Apr 2017 E. coli EHEC - Canada (09): O121, flour, further recalls
- 27 Apr 2017 Anthrax - Burkina Faso: (HB) bovine, OIE
- 27 Apr 2017 Botulism - USA (03): (TX) wound, drug-related, 2005-2015
- 27 Apr 2017 Angiostrongylus cantonensis - France: (Paris)
- 27 Apr 2017 Anthrax - Russia (02): (YN) reindeer microchip & vaccination
- 27 Apr 2017 Legionellosis - China: Hong Kong ex Macao, hotel, RFI
- 27 Apr 2017 Cytauxzoonosis, feline - USA: (OK)
- 26 Apr 2017 Hantavirus - Americas (29): Chile (LL) fatal
- 26 Apr 2017 Pythiosis - USA (OK): canine
- 26 Apr 2017 Undiagnosed disease - Liberia: (SI) fatal, RFI
- 26 Apr 2017 Avian influenza (94): Europe (Sweden), HPAI H5N8, poultry
- 26 Apr 2017 Hepatitis E - Australia: 1st postransfusion case, zoonotic
- 26 Apr 2017 Hepatitis E - Niger (02): (DF) fatalities, IDP
- 26 Apr 2017 Yellow fever - Americas (41): PAHO/WHO
- 26 Apr 2017 Measles update (23)
- 26 Apr 2017 Hepatitis - Iraq: (AN), RFI
- 26 Apr 2017 Kyasanur Forest disease - India (08): (GA)
- 26 Apr 2017 Herpes simplex type 1, genital - USA (03): (NYC) circumcision, editorial
- 25 Apr 2017 Malaria vaccine trial RTS,S - Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, WHO
- 25 Apr 2017 Cholera, diarrhea & dysentery update (16): Africa (Horn of Africa)
- 25 Apr 2017 Foot & mouth disease - Algeria (07): (TO) bov, st A, new strain, spread susp
- 25 Apr 2017 Shigellosis - India: (TG) increasing fluoroquinolone resistance
- 25 Apr 2017 Undiagnosed die-off, fish - USA: (TN, KY) Asian carp, RFI
- 25 Apr 2017 Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Spain: (EX) detection in ticks
- 25 Apr 2017 MERS-CoV (24): UAE (AZ), Saudi Arabia (RI), WHO
- 25 Apr 2017 Salmonellosis, serotype 11:z41:e,n,z15 - Europe: poss. sesame seed source
- 25 Apr 2017 Salmonellosis - USA (02): (MO) restaurant link
Published Date: 2017-05-25 10:04:04
Subject: PRO/EDR> Botulism - USA (10): (CA) nacho cheese, type A toxin, unrelated 2nd death
Archive Number: 20170525.5060186
Subject: PRO/EDR> Botulism - USA (10): (CA) nacho cheese, type A toxin, unrelated 2nd death
Archive Number: 20170525.5060186
BOTULISM - USA (10): (CALIFORNIA) NACHO CHEESE, TYPE A TOXIN, UNRELATED SECOND DEATH
************************************************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
Date: Wed 24 May 2017 1:17 pm PDT
Source: The Mercury News [edited]
http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/05/24/second-botulism-death-unrelated-to-extremely-rare-nacho-cheese-botulism/
The country's foremost researchers on botulism in dairy products are calling the recent [botulism] outbreak at a gas station in Walnut Grove a "perfect storm" of circumstances that left one dead and 9 sickened.
"Botulism in cheese products, including processed cheese, is extremely rare," said Eric Johnson, professor in the department of bacteriology at the Botulinum Toxins Laboratory at the University of Wisconsin. "Outbreaks of botulism in commercially processed cheese during the past 50 years is extremely rare and can be counted on the fingers of one hand."
Although extremely rare, Northern California has seen 2 deaths from foodborne botulism in the last few months. Within the last month, Napa County has had 1 death from botulism related to canned goods, according to county health officials. Since 1950, the USA has seen 3 instances of human botulism outbreaks due to dairy products. In all, 46 people were affected and 2 died. The most recent was in 1993 where a commercially canned cheese sauce was contaminated after it left the factory and sickened 8 people, killing one.
"We want to remind people to properly store canned goods they purchase and if they are canning themselves to follow recommended home canning and preserving procedures so you can ensure as best as possible the safety of your canned goods," said Cara Mae Wooledge, public health education specialist for Napa County Public Health. Wooledge reinforced that anyone experiencing symptoms of botulism poisoning, blurry or double vision, nausea or drooping eyelids, should contact their healthcare provider immediately. Before these incidents, there had only been 1 death from foodborne botulism in the state of California in the past 2 decades, according to CDC data.
On 28 Apr 2017, the Los Angeles County Public Health Department issued a warning to residents about a deer antler tea product after one confirmed and one suspected case of botulism. The tea was recalled.
The California Department of Public Health has said that an open 5-pound bag of Gehl's Jalapeno Cheese Sauce confiscated from the Valley Oak Food and Fuel station tested positive for the botulism toxin. Gehl Foods' CEO Eric Beringause released a statement saying that "Gehl's facilities remain safe for food production and all of our food samples continue to test negative for any contaminants. There is no recall of Gehl's nacho cheese product."
Johnson, along with his colleague Kathleen Glass have devoted their lives to studying how to prevent botulism from growing in cheese. Glass, the associate director of the Food Research Institute, received her doctorate in the topic and has co-authored numerous papers on the subject with Johnson. Both have spent decades working out the right combinations that prevent the bacterium, _Clostridium botulinum_, from surviving or growing in cheese.
Gehl's cheese is in liquid form and is not pasteurized, but undergoes an "aseptic process," which kills bacteria. The cheese has a shelf life of 12 months, but must be kept above [140 deg F/60 deg C] after opening and the dispenser must remain plugged in. "If the package is unopened, it is basically sterile. If it's refrigerated, (the bacteria) can't grow. If it's kept above 140 deg F, it can't grow," Glass said. "This was just an alignment of the planets that must have recontaminated it and held it at the right temperature for a long time for it to grow... It's really the perfect storm."
Botulism is found everywhere, but sickness from the toxin the bacterium produces is rare and mostly affects infants. Botulism among adults is even rarer. Foodborne botulism is rarer still. Due to the rarity, there is a chance that the descending paralysis is misdiagnosed for Guillain-Barré syndrome, a stroke, or other medical conditions that lead to muscle weakness.
Although it is sometimes used in medicine to treat muscle spasms or in cosmetics to treat frown lines, the botulism neurotoxin is one of the most potent and lethal substances in the world. The substance, which can fatally paralyze victims, is so dangerous that it is listed as a Category A bioterrorism agent by the CDC. Iraq was said to have produced 19 180 liters of concentrated botulinum toxin in the 1990s, according to the UN Security Council. Less than one-millionth of a gram is enough to kill the average adult.
The type A strain of botulinum toxin found in the nacho cheese is the same type that is cultivated for biological weapons. There is no antidote for botulism intoxication, but early use of an antitoxin can lessen the effects of the paralysis. Although symptoms can take anywhere between 6 hours and 10 days to appear, Johnson stated that ideally, the antitoxin should be administered within hours of eating the food to prevent the onset of paralysis. The need for a rapid response is critical in treating any cases of botulism, which is why every case is treated as a public health emergency. After the initial hospitalization on 22 Apr 2017, health officials were able to identify the source 13 days later and prevent further sale of the nacho cheese product at the Valley Oak Food and Fuel.
State health officials will not release which counties have reported cases of botulism, citing patient confidentiality. Sacramento and San Joaquin counties have confirmed cases in their counties and Napa County officials have confirmed one botulism case unrelated to the nacho cheese outbreak. Solano County health official Jayleen Richards would neither confirm nor deny any reported cases of botulism in the county.
[Byline: Aaron Davis]
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[This posting underscores the rarity of cheese-associated botulism as well as confirms that the serotype of the toxin was indeed type A, the type that tends to be the most severe in degree and length of illness. The antitoxin used cannot neutralize toxin already bound to neural toxin.
This posting also alludes to a 2nd death in California, a case of botulism related to home canning and not related to the nacho cheese-related cluster. It is not stated what home-canned food was involved or whether there were other non-fatal cases.
Botulism toxin has its effect at the neuromuscular junction. Mechanistically, when a motor neuron action potential depolarizes the axon terminal, acetylcholine is released from the cytosol into the synaptic cleft. When botulinum toxin (BT) is exposed to the neuromuscular junction, the heavy chain of the botulinum neurotoxin binds to glycoprotein structures specifically found on cholinergic nerve terminals. This specific docking is the reason for BT high selectivity for cholinergic synapses.
After internalization, the light chain of the botulinum neurotoxin binds with high specificity to the SNARE protein complex. The target proteins vary among the BT serotypes. BT-A cleaves synaptosomal-associated proteins of 25kDa (SNAP-25). BT-B cleaves vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP), also known as synaptobrevin II. - Mod.LL
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at: http://healthmap.org/promed/p/18147.]
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A ProMED-mail post
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ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
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Date: Wed 24 May 2017 1:17 pm PDT
Source: The Mercury News [edited]
http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/05/24/second-botulism-death-unrelated-to-extremely-rare-nacho-cheese-botulism/
The country's foremost researchers on botulism in dairy products are calling the recent [botulism] outbreak at a gas station in Walnut Grove a "perfect storm" of circumstances that left one dead and 9 sickened.
"Botulism in cheese products, including processed cheese, is extremely rare," said Eric Johnson, professor in the department of bacteriology at the Botulinum Toxins Laboratory at the University of Wisconsin. "Outbreaks of botulism in commercially processed cheese during the past 50 years is extremely rare and can be counted on the fingers of one hand."
Although extremely rare, Northern California has seen 2 deaths from foodborne botulism in the last few months. Within the last month, Napa County has had 1 death from botulism related to canned goods, according to county health officials. Since 1950, the USA has seen 3 instances of human botulism outbreaks due to dairy products. In all, 46 people were affected and 2 died. The most recent was in 1993 where a commercially canned cheese sauce was contaminated after it left the factory and sickened 8 people, killing one.
"We want to remind people to properly store canned goods they purchase and if they are canning themselves to follow recommended home canning and preserving procedures so you can ensure as best as possible the safety of your canned goods," said Cara Mae Wooledge, public health education specialist for Napa County Public Health. Wooledge reinforced that anyone experiencing symptoms of botulism poisoning, blurry or double vision, nausea or drooping eyelids, should contact their healthcare provider immediately. Before these incidents, there had only been 1 death from foodborne botulism in the state of California in the past 2 decades, according to CDC data.
On 28 Apr 2017, the Los Angeles County Public Health Department issued a warning to residents about a deer antler tea product after one confirmed and one suspected case of botulism. The tea was recalled.
The California Department of Public Health has said that an open 5-pound bag of Gehl's Jalapeno Cheese Sauce confiscated from the Valley Oak Food and Fuel station tested positive for the botulism toxin. Gehl Foods' CEO Eric Beringause released a statement saying that "Gehl's facilities remain safe for food production and all of our food samples continue to test negative for any contaminants. There is no recall of Gehl's nacho cheese product."
Johnson, along with his colleague Kathleen Glass have devoted their lives to studying how to prevent botulism from growing in cheese. Glass, the associate director of the Food Research Institute, received her doctorate in the topic and has co-authored numerous papers on the subject with Johnson. Both have spent decades working out the right combinations that prevent the bacterium, _Clostridium botulinum_, from surviving or growing in cheese.
Gehl's cheese is in liquid form and is not pasteurized, but undergoes an "aseptic process," which kills bacteria. The cheese has a shelf life of 12 months, but must be kept above [140 deg F/60 deg C] after opening and the dispenser must remain plugged in. "If the package is unopened, it is basically sterile. If it's refrigerated, (the bacteria) can't grow. If it's kept above 140 deg F, it can't grow," Glass said. "This was just an alignment of the planets that must have recontaminated it and held it at the right temperature for a long time for it to grow... It's really the perfect storm."
Botulism is found everywhere, but sickness from the toxin the bacterium produces is rare and mostly affects infants. Botulism among adults is even rarer. Foodborne botulism is rarer still. Due to the rarity, there is a chance that the descending paralysis is misdiagnosed for Guillain-Barré syndrome, a stroke, or other medical conditions that lead to muscle weakness.
Although it is sometimes used in medicine to treat muscle spasms or in cosmetics to treat frown lines, the botulism neurotoxin is one of the most potent and lethal substances in the world. The substance, which can fatally paralyze victims, is so dangerous that it is listed as a Category A bioterrorism agent by the CDC. Iraq was said to have produced 19 180 liters of concentrated botulinum toxin in the 1990s, according to the UN Security Council. Less than one-millionth of a gram is enough to kill the average adult.
The type A strain of botulinum toxin found in the nacho cheese is the same type that is cultivated for biological weapons. There is no antidote for botulism intoxication, but early use of an antitoxin can lessen the effects of the paralysis. Although symptoms can take anywhere between 6 hours and 10 days to appear, Johnson stated that ideally, the antitoxin should be administered within hours of eating the food to prevent the onset of paralysis. The need for a rapid response is critical in treating any cases of botulism, which is why every case is treated as a public health emergency. After the initial hospitalization on 22 Apr 2017, health officials were able to identify the source 13 days later and prevent further sale of the nacho cheese product at the Valley Oak Food and Fuel.
State health officials will not release which counties have reported cases of botulism, citing patient confidentiality. Sacramento and San Joaquin counties have confirmed cases in their counties and Napa County officials have confirmed one botulism case unrelated to the nacho cheese outbreak. Solano County health official Jayleen Richards would neither confirm nor deny any reported cases of botulism in the county.
[Byline: Aaron Davis]
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[This posting underscores the rarity of cheese-associated botulism as well as confirms that the serotype of the toxin was indeed type A, the type that tends to be the most severe in degree and length of illness. The antitoxin used cannot neutralize toxin already bound to neural toxin.
This posting also alludes to a 2nd death in California, a case of botulism related to home canning and not related to the nacho cheese-related cluster. It is not stated what home-canned food was involved or whether there were other non-fatal cases.
Botulism toxin has its effect at the neuromuscular junction. Mechanistically, when a motor neuron action potential depolarizes the axon terminal, acetylcholine is released from the cytosol into the synaptic cleft. When botulinum toxin (BT) is exposed to the neuromuscular junction, the heavy chain of the botulinum neurotoxin binds to glycoprotein structures specifically found on cholinergic nerve terminals. This specific docking is the reason for BT high selectivity for cholinergic synapses.
After internalization, the light chain of the botulinum neurotoxin binds with high specificity to the SNARE protein complex. The target proteins vary among the BT serotypes. BT-A cleaves synaptosomal-associated proteins of 25kDa (SNAP-25). BT-B cleaves vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP), also known as synaptobrevin II. - Mod.LL
A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at: http://healthmap.org/promed/p/18147.]
See Also
Botulism - USA (09): (CA) gas station food, nacho cheese conf, fatal 20170523.5056161Botulism - USA (08): (CA) gas station food, nacho cheese 20170519.5047996
Botulism - USA (07): (CA) gas station food, nacho cheese 20170512.5031065
Botulism - USA (06): (CA) gas station food, RFI 20170508.5021002
Botulism - USA (05): deer antler herbal tea, FDA recall 20170507.5018201
Botulism - USA (04): (CA) deer antler tea 20170429.5003486
Botulism - USA (03): (TX) wound, drug-related, 2005-2015 20170427.4999639
Botulism - USA (02): (CA) satay, risk, recall 20170420.4982801
Botulism - USA: (CA) wound, non-drug-related 20170402.4942916
2016
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Botulism - USA (11): (NM) wound, drug-related 20161004.4535918
Botulism - USA (10): soups, risk, recall 20160911.4480731
Botulism - USA (09): (NM) wound, drug-related 20160716.4350262
Botulism - USA (08): vacuum packed fish, risk, recall 20160623.4302950
Botulism - USA (07): (MS) prison brew 20160615.4288676
Botulism - USA (06): (NY,CA) dried salted uneviscerated fish, risk, recall 20160426.4184418
Botulism - USA (05): vegetable soup, risk, recall 20160421.4174551
Botulism - USA (04): (WA) fatal, conf 20160302.4062476
Botulism - USA (03): (OH,CA) jarred pesto, 2014 20160227.4052791
Botulism - USA (02): (WA) fatal, RFI 20160221.4037933
Botulism - USA: (MN) uneviscerated fish, recall 20160115.3935285
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