domingo, 12 de abril de 2015

Preventing Chronic Disease | Unemployment and Depression Among Emerging Adults in 12 States, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2010 - CDC

full-text ►

Preventing Chronic Disease | Unemployment and Depression Among Emerging Adults in 12 States, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2010 - CDC



Preventing Chronic Disease Logo



Unemployment and Depression Among Emerging Adults in 12 States, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2010

Navigate This Article

Robin E. McGee, MPH; Nancy J. Thompson, PhD, MPH

Suggested citation for this article: McGee RE, Thompson NJ. Unemployment and Depression Among Emerging Adults in 12 States, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2010. Prev Chronic Dis 2015;12:140451. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd12.140451External Web Site Icon.
PEER REVIEWED

Abstract

Introduction
The high rate of unemployment among emerging adults (aged 18 to 25 years) is a public health concern. The risk of depression is higher among the unemployed than among the employed, but little is known about the relationship between unemployment and mental health among emerging adults. This secondary data analysis assessed the relationship between unemployment and depression among emerging adults.
Methods
Data from the 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) were analyzed. Responses to the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 provided data about the prevalence of depression. Bivariate relationships were assessed using χ2 tests, and multivariable adjusted odds ratios were calculated with logistic regressions. Sociodemographic variables were sex, race/ethnicity, marital status, and education. In addition, logistic regression models adjusted for health insurance status, disability, smoking, and body mass index. The analyses were completed using SAS 9.3 survey procedures to account for the complex sampling design.
Results
Almost 12% of emerging adults were depressed (PHQ-8 ≥10) and about 23% were unemployed. Significantly more unemployed than employed emerging adults were classified with depression. In the final model, the odds of depression were about 3 times higher for unemployed than employed emerging adults.
Conclusion
The relationship between unemployment and depression is significant among emerging adults. With high rates of unemployment for this age group, this population may benefit from employment- and mental-health–focused interventions.

Acknowledgments

The writing of this article was not funded by any grant and did not receive any financial support.
Top of Page

Author Information

Corresponding Author: Robin E. McGee, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Mailstop: 1518-002-5AA, Atlanta, GA 30322. Telephone: 917-902-1950. Email: robin.mcgee@emory.edu.
Author Affiliation: Nancy J. Thompson, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
Top of Page

References

  1. Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62(6):617–27. Erratum in Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62(7):709. CrossRefExternal Web Site Icon PubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  2. Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med 2006;3(11):e442. CrossRefExternal Web Site Icon PubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  3. McKenna MT, Michaud CM, Murray CJ, Marks JS. Assessing the burden of disease in the United States using disability-adjusted life years. Am J Prev Med 2005;28(5):415–23. CrossRefExternal Web Site Icon PubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  4. Arnett JJ. Emerging adulthood. A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. Am Psychol 2000;55(5):469–80. CrossRefExternal Web Site Icon PubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  5. Yaroslavsky I, Pettit JW, Lewinsohn PM, Seeley JR, Roberts RE. Heterogeneous trajectories of depressive symptoms: adolescent predictors and adult outcomes. J Affect Disord 2013;148(2-3):391–9. CrossRefExternal Web Site Icon PubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  6. Elovainio M, Pulkki-Råback L, Jokela M, Kivimäki M, Hintsanen M, Hintsa T, et al. Socioeconomic status and the development of depressive symptoms from childhood to adulthood: a longitudinal analysis across 27 years of follow-up in the Young Finns study. Soc Sci Med 2012;74(6):923–9. CrossRefExternal Web Site Icon PubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  7. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. 2010–2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: model-based prevalence estimates (50 states and the District of Columbia). 2012. http://archive.samhsa.gov/data/NSDUH/2k11State/NSDUHsae2011/ExcelTabs/NSDUHsaeTables2011.pdf. Accessed October 1, 2014.
  8. Paul KI, Moser K. Unemployment impairs mental health: meta-analyses. J Vocat Behav 2009;74(3):264–82. CrossRefExternal Web Site Icon
  9. McKee-Ryan F, Song Z, Wanberg CR, Kinicki AJ. Psychological and physical well-being during unemployment: a meta-analytic study. J Appl Psychol 2005;90(1):53–76. CrossRefExternal Web Site Icon PubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  10. Wanberg CR. The individual experience of unemployment. Annu Rev Psychol 2012;63:369–96. CrossRefExternal Web Site Icon PubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  11. Galambos NL, Barker ET, Krahn HJ. Depression, self-esteem, and anger in emerging adulthood: seven-year trajectories. Dev Psychol 2006;42(2):350–65.CrossRefExternal Web Site Icon PubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  12. US Department of Labor. Labor force statistics from the Current Population Survey. Washington (DC): Bureau of Labor Statistics; 2012. http://data.bls.gov/. Accessed August 12, 2014.
  13. Erk S, Mikschl A, Stier S, Ciaramidaro A, Gapp V, Weber B, et al. Acute and sustained effects of cognitive emotion regulation in major depression. J Neurosci 2010;30(47):15726–34. CrossRefExternal Web Site Icon PubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  14. Bradshaw CP, Rebok GW, Zablotsky B, Laflair LN, Mendelson T, Eaton WW. Models of stress and adapting to risk: a life course, developmental perspective. In: Eaton WW, editor. Public mental health. New York (NY): Oxford University Press; 2012. p. 269-302.
  15. Brown DW, Balluz LS, Ford ES, Giles WH, Strine TW, Moriarty DG, et al. Associations between short- and long-term unemployment and frequent mental distress among a national sample of men and women. J Occup Environ Med 2003;45(11):1159–66. CrossRefExternal Web Site Icon PubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  16. Schulenberg JE, Sameroff AJ, Cicchetti D. The transition to adulthood as a critical juncture in the course of psychopathology and mental health. Dev Psychopathol 2004;16(4):799–806. CrossRefExternal Web Site Icon PubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey data. Atlanta (GA): US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2010.
  18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2010 summary data quality report. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2011. ftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/data/brfss/2010_summary_data_quality_report.pdf. Accessed August 12, 2014.
  19. Kroenke K, Strine TW, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Berry JT, Mokdad AH. The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population. J Affect Disord 2009;114(1-3):163–73. CrossRefExternal Web Site Icon PubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  20. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Löwe B. The Patient Health Questionnaire Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptom Scales: a systematic review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2010;32(4):345–59. CrossRefExternal Web Site Icon PubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  21. Aseltine RH, Gore S. Work, postsecondary education, and psychosocial functioning following the transition from high school. J Adolesc Res 2005;20(6):615–39. CrossRefExternal Web Site Icon
  22. Bjarnason T, Sigurdardottir TJ. Psychological distress during unemployment and beyond: social support and material deprivation among youth in six northern European countries. Soc Sci Med 2003;56(5):973–85. CrossRefExternal Web Site Icon PubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  23. Gibb SJ, Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ. Burden of psychiatric disorder in young adulthood and life outcomes at age 30. Br J Psychiatry 2010;197(2):122–7.CrossRefExternal Web Site Icon PubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  24. Reinherz HZ, Paradis AD, Giaconia RM, Stashwick CK, Fitzmaurice G. Childhood and adolescent predictors of major depression in the transition to adulthood. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160(12):2141–7. CrossRefExternal Web Site Icon PubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  25. Brody GH, Chen YF, Kogan SM. A cascade model connecting life stress to risk behavior among rural African American emerging adults. Dev Psychopathol 2010;22(3):667–78. CrossRefExternal Web Site Icon PubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  26. Delnevo CD, Gundersen DA, Hagman BT. Declining estimated prevalence of alcohol drinking and smoking among young adults nationally: artifacts of sample undercoverage? Am J Epidemiol 2008;167(1):15–9. CrossRefExternal Web Site Icon PubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  27. Dooley D, Prause J, Ham-Rowbottom KA. Underemployment and depression: longitudinal relationships. J Health Soc Behav 2000;41(4):421–36. CrossRefExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  28. Schulenberg JE, Bryant AL, O’Malley PM. Taking hold of some kind of life: how developmental tasks relate to trajectories of well-being during the transition to adulthood. Dev Psychopathol 2004;16(4):1119–40. CrossRefExternal Web Site Icon PubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  29. Costello DM, Swendsen J, Rose JS, Dierker LC. Risk and protective factors associated with trajectories of depressed mood from adolescence to early adulthood. J Consult Clin Psychol 2008;76(2):173–83. CrossRefExternal Web Site Icon PubMedExternal Web Site Icon
Publicado por en

No hay comentarios:

Publicar un comentario

Suscribirse a: Enviar comentarios (Atom)